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Areal differentiation
describing and explaining the differences that distinguish one piece of the world from another
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Areal integration
study of how places interact with one another
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Bubble economy
a highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained, usually result from rapid influx of international capital into a developing country
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choropleth map
maps different levels of intensity of data (such as per capita income or population density) placed within discrete spatial units (such as countries, cities, counties, or cultural regions)
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Colonialism
formal establishment of rule over a foreign population
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Core-periphery model
A conceptualization of the world into two economic spheres. The developed countries of western Europe, North America, and Japan form the dominant core, with less-developed countries making up the periphery. Implicit in this model is that the core gained its wealth at the expense of peripheral countries.
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Counterinsurgency
more complicated, multifaceted strategy that combines military warfare with social and political service activities, designed to win over the local population and deprive insurgents of a political base
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cultural imperialism
active promotion of one cultural system at the expense of another
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cultural landscape
the visible, material expression of human settlement, past and present or a tangible expression of the human habitat
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cultural nationalism
process of protecting and defending a cultural system against diluting or offensive cultural expressions, while at the same time actively promoting national and local cultural values
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cultural syncretism or hybridization
most common product of cultural collision is the blending of forces to form a new, synergistic form of culture
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culture
learned, not innate, and is behavior held in common by a group of people, empowering them with what is commonly called a “way of life”
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Decolonialization
process of a colony’s gaining control over its own territory and establishing a separate, independent government
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demographic transition model
conceptualization that tracked the changes in birthrates and death rate over time
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Diversity
a tension between the global and the local
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Economic convergence
idea that globalization will help world’s poorer countries gradually catch up with the more advance economies
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Ethnic religions
identified closely with a specific ethnic, tribal, or national group
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Formal regions
regions that are defined by some aspect of physical form or cultural features
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Functional regions
where a certain activity takes place like economic activity or sports fans
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Gender
sociocultural construct, linked to the values and traditions of specific cultural groups that differentiate the characteristics of the two biological sexes, male and female
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Gender equity
a social condition, state, or goal of complete parity and equality between males and females
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Gender roles
cultural guidelines that define appropriate behavior for each gender within a specific context
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geographic information systems (GIS)
a computerized mapping and information system that analyzes vast amounts of data that may include many layers of specific kinds of information, such as microclimates, hydrology, vegetation, or land-use zoning regulations
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Geopolitics
link between geography and politics, but focus on the interactivity between political power and territory at all scales, form the local to the global
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global positioning systems (GPS)
originally used to describe a very accurate satellite-based location system, but now also used in a general sense to describe smartphone location systems that may use cell phone towers as a substitute for satellites
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Globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities
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graphic or linear scale
visually depicts in a horizontal bar distance unit such as feet, meters, miles, or kilometers
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
traditional measure of the size of a country’s economy is the value of all final goods and services produced within its borders
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Gross national income (GNI)
with GDP is combined with net income from outside its borders through trade and other forms of income (also known as gross national product (GNP)
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Gross National income (GNI) per capita
obtained by dividing GNI by the country’s population
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Human Development Index (HDI)
combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, and income
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Insurgency
a political rebellion or uprising
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Lingua franca
an agreed-upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics such as international business, politics, sports, or entertainment
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map projections
different ways maps are projected onto a flat service
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map scale
mathematical ratio between the map and the surface are being mapped
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meridians
lines of longitude
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Nation-state
nation describes a large group of people with shared sociocultural traits, such as language, religion, and shared identity, the word state refers to an internal political entity with clearly delimited boundaries, control over its internal space, and recognition by external political states.
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Neocolonialism
characterized the many ways that newly independent states, particularly those in Africa, felt the continuing control of Western powers, especially in economic and political matter
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net migration rate
statistic that indicates whether more people are entering or leaving a country
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parallels
lines of latitude
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population density
average number of people per area unit
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population pyramid
graph that depicts the percentage of a population that is male or female in different age classes, from young to old
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prime meridian
zero degrees longitude, from which locations east and west are measured in a system of latitude and longitude
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Purchasing power parity (PPP)
takes into account the strength or weakness of local currencies
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rate of natural increase (RNI)
annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage found by subtracting number of deaths from the number of births
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Regions
a geographic concept of areal or spatial similarity, large or small
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remote sensing
a method of digitally photographing Earth’s surface from satellites or high altitude aircraft so that the information captured can be manipulated by computers to translate information into certain electromagnetic bandwidths, which, in turn, emphasizes certain features and patterns on Earth’s surface
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representative fraction
relation between the map and the area being mapped
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secularism
people who consider themselves either nonreligious or outright atheistic.
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Shi’a Islam
The second largest denomination of Islam, whose adherents are called Shi’ites or Shias. While difficult to assess accurately, generally speaking 75-90 percent of the world’s Muslims are Sunni, with Shias making up the remainder of 10-25 percent.
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Sunni Islam
The major denomination of Islam, with its adherents comprising from 75-90 percent of the world’s Muslims.
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Terrorism
violence directed at nonmilitary targets
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total fertility rate (TFR)
artificial and synthetic number that measures the fertility of a statistically fictitious, yet average group of women moving through their childbearing years
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Universalizing religions
attempt to appeal to all peoples, regardless of location or culture
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urbanized population
percentage of a country’s population living in cities
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vernacular regions
defined solely in people’s minds as spatial stereotypes that have no visible boundaries in the physical landscape
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