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jridoret001
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(project) sponsor
is the individual or group outside the project team that initiates the project by requesting for the service or product and beginning the project charter
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100 percent rule
means that a projects work breakdown structure includes all aspects of work within the project--collected and quantified
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80/20 rule
is one that Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto popularized by his 1906 observation that 80 percent of the land in Italy was owned by 20 percent of the population at the time. It came to be known as the Law of the Vital Few and Trivial Many, a term coined by Dr. Joseph Juran when he realized that Paretos principle had far-reaching implications
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acceptance criteria
are those criteria, including performance requirements and essential conditions, which must be met before project deliverables are accepted
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Accommodation
involves one party attempts to meet the others needs at the expense of their own. It is a lose/win approach that can be seen as a good will gesture at times, however the accommodating party may be at risk of losing credibility and influence in the future. It is also known as Smoothing
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accuracy
pertains to correctness of a value that is measured and considered to be close to a true value
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Acknowledge
when a receiver signals their receipt of the message.
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Acquire Project Team
is the process of ensuring resources are available for your project and determining the overall project team that will work to complete project activities. This process assists with the overall project team selection
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acquisition
is a technique used when the organization or project team is unable to sources resources needed to complete a project
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activity attributes
are those associated with each schedule activity that can be included within the activity list. Includes activity codes, predecessor activities, successor activities, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, imposed dates, constraints, and assumptions
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Activity List
is a documented tabulation of schedule activities that shows the activity description, activity identifier, and a sufficiently detailed scope of work description so project team members understand what work is to be performed
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Activity Resource Requirements
are the types and quantities of resources required for each project activity work package are identified by the output of the Estimate Activity Resources process. Once in place, requirements can be aggregated for an overall view
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activity-on-node
are diagrams illustrating activities that are identified as nodes with arrows directing work and depicting the logical progression of work package dependencies from left to right. Each node is assigned a specific code that is then used to correlate activity to the project schedule
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actual cost (AC)
is the total cost incurred by completed work package. It needs to correspond to what was budgeted for in the PV in measured in the EV
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advertising
is a technique whereby the buyer publishes requirements in a newspaper, trade publication or the internet. Municipalities or government entities traditionally publish or post pending contracts to ensure that the general public is made aware of an opportunity to bid
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affinity diagrams
provide for illustrating ideas that are sorted into groups and analyzed accordingly
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Agile Methodologies
method using the SCRUM process, which is a framework for developing new products.
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All For One & One For All
this management style is likely found in microbial community project management. People are encouraged to work at their own pace and use individual creativity. Managers of Gen X and Y often fall into this category because of the way they define how work and projects balance within their lifestyle, a strong trait of Gen Y and X. Too little guidance or supervision, however, can deter or lengthen the project and its goals
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Alternative Analysis
refers to the fact that there are multiple methods available to accomplish certain tasks
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analogous estimating
is an estimating technique that uses the values of parameters, such as scope, cost, budget, and duration or measures of scale such as size, weight, and complexity from a previous, similar activity as the basis for estimating the same parameter or measure for a future activity
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analytical techniques
is a project management tool (EXAMPLE- Benefit Measurement Methods, Three-Point Estimates, etc.) encompassing various methods that are used to thoroughly assess different aspects of a project like stakeholder engagement levels
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Announcements
is typically used to syndicate the achievement of a key milestone or the start or completion of a project. Can be formal or informal and can be both internal and external in nature.
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appraisal costs
are also known as inspection costs and are typically incurred to identify defects before a projects product is productionalized
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artifacts
are previous project documents that were archived for future reference. Documents include contracts, invoices, bills, project plans, meeting minutes, lessons learned, peer reviews and all organizational process assets pertaining to the project
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assessment information
includes stakeholder requirements, expectations, influence, and degree of influence. This information is gained using analytical techniques, and is added to the stakeholder register
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attribute sampling
is a statistical method used to test effectiveness of controls and determine the rate of conformance to project specifications
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audit trail
provides details pertaining to work package consistency and completeness that is acceptable to the stakeholders
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Authoritative
describes individuals who have a vision and are happy to share it with their team. They encourage and allow staff and team members to collaborate on project. An authoritative manager is project-knowledge-full and their teams notice and respect that knowledge. They recognize individual contributions and encourage strengths
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Automated Scheduling Tools
are systemic tools that serve to expedite the overall process by generating start and completion dates based upon data provided
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backward pass method
is used to determine late-start and late-finish dates again using previously determined dates, except this time it's the finishing date
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bar charts
illustrate project activities relevant to start and end dates along with overall durations
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baseline
means that the project manager and team have fully vetted all activities within the project plan
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bench strength
refers to the overall competency and capability of the project manager and team
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bidders conference
permits the project team to identify prospective sellers and confer with them details pertaining to the project. This conference or walkthrough ensures that all potential bidders receive the same information and clarity on the sellers expectations
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bidders
are typically more than one organization that can provide similar products and services that have a vested interest in entering into a contractual arrangement with the buyer
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Binomial Distribution
is used with events or occurrences that have two outcomes
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bottom-up estimating
examines costs the project activity level
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boundaries
determine the start and end point of processes in addition to inputs and outputs
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brainstorming
is an information-gathering technique that is a tool and technique of the Identify Risks process. It involves assembling in one place subject matter experts, team members, risk management team members, and anyone else who might benefit from the process and querying them on possible risk events
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breakeven analysis
analyzes fixed costs and variable costs in regards to revenues anticipated, provides details in regard to project activities that determine where and when a project investment will break even
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budget
is a planning, monitorization, and recording tool that includes estimates and final totals for a project and all its activities to ensure that costs are constrained
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budget at completion (BAC)
is the sum of all the budgets established for all the work of the project, the work package, the control account, or the schedule activity. It's the total planned value for the work component or project. This figure is used in earned value analysis calculations
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budget forecast
pertains to calculated estimate at completion that is indicated to Stakeholders
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build vs. buy vs. lease decision
is a decision to make or develop a component of a project as compared to outright purchasing, licensing, leasing, or procuring the component can be thought of as a very simple decision to make
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Business Case
is a brief description that illustrates the need and benefits of the project. It is often supported by financial analysis such as a Net Present Value and Break Even Analysis
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business requirements
are provided by the sponsor and business, justify the need for the project and, at a more specific level, the project charter
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Certified Associates in Project Management (CAPM)
are individuals who understand the processes and terminology of the PMBOK® Guide and has a fundamental knowledge of it; demonstrate knowledge of project management practices; and contribute to project teams as a Subject Matter Expert
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change control
is the process of identifying, controlling and documenting changes to a control unit. It is typically executed by a change control board, which evaluates a formal change request and recommends to approve or reject it. This process also provides for tracking activities
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Change Control Board
is a team of stakeholders established by the organization and given the authority via the configuration management system to review all change requests and approve them, delay them, or deny them.
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change control board (CCB)
is a team of stakeholders established by the organization and given the authority via the configuration management system to review all change requests and approve them, delay them, or deny them
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change control documents
are updated based on the results of any Integrated Change Control Process activity that takes place within the project
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change control procedures
identify how standards, policies and documents will be modified and how changes will be approved, validated and implemented
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change log
is the document that tracks changes through the change request process providing details on the change and how it was resolved
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change management plans
are documentation describing how changes are tracked and addressed during the lifecycle of a project to effectively manage change and keep change from derailing a project
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change request
are part of the formal written process of making a minor or major change to project areas. Without these documents, a change cannot be implemented to any part of the project
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change request form
is a project artifact that identifies the change and incorporates all relevant information, including costs, impacts of the change and potential risks. The completed form is reviewed by a change control board. The board can either accept the change or reject it
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change request protocol
is a process by which a project manager or a project team member initiates a change to the project by completing a change request form
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change requests
are part of the formal written process of making a minor or major change to project areas. Without these documents, a change cannot be implemented to any part of the project
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Change Requests Form
is a project artifact that identifies the change and incorporates all relevant information, including costs, impacts of the change and potential risks. The completed form is reviewed by a change control board. The board can either accept the change or reject it.
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Chi-square distribution
is named after the Greek letter Chi, and is used for hypothesis testing and helps determine the distribution of a sample variance
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classic functional organization
is a hierarchy where each employee has a direct superior and staff is typically grouped by specialty, such as Marketing, Accounting, HR, et cetera
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classification models
include grids such as the power/interest grid and the power/influence grid, which are used to analyze stakeholder impact
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Close Procurement
is a procurement process that takes place at the completion of each project procurement activities
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Close Project Group
consists of processes that finalize activities across all process groups and formally brings the project to closure. When completed, project activities are detailed and documented
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Close Project or Phase
is part of the Closing Process Group. The Close Project or Phase process provides for the administrative steps that officially bring a project to closure. Contractual sign-off, post project audits, product reviews and lessons learned all take place within this process. It finalizes activities across all the project management process groups and permits a formal closure of the project.
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Closing Phase
covers all activities required to bring closure to the project. It includes product acceptance and transfer from project to product status. Deliverables within the Closing Phase include: Post implementation review; Delivery of product to client; Review of lessons learned; Administrative closure contracts; Updates to project artifacts
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Closing Process Group
includes processes that are performed to complete project activities across all Process Groups and formally close the project
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closure documentation
is a formal set of documents that indicates completion of the project. When closure documents are completed, responsibility and ownership for the projects product is transferred to operations groups
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Coercive
typically used by managers who work with junior teams use the coercive style. Some team members often view this as a dictator type style. Project managers who use this style should be careful only to use it when team members have inadequate knowledge, education, or drive to complete projects collaboratively
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Collaboration
or Problem Solving; is based on reaching consensus, the parties in the conflict collaborate upon multiple solutions and agree on the one that satisfies the needs of both parties
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collaborative workshop data collection method
involves participation from all stakeholders. With collaborative workshops, stakeholders not only provide data, but also help develop recommendations and conclusions
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Collect Requirements
contributes to the documentation of stakeholder needs that will determine project objectives. This process includes reviewing the project charter and other documents that will become project artifacts
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Communication Breakdown
Misinterpreting requirements or project delivery against mixed expectations, usually caused by ineffective listening, noise or a defect or disruption within the communication channel.
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Communication Requirements Analysis
determines the needs relevant to communications and the project stakeholders.
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communications management plan
outlines the communication expectations and needs and describes how they will be addressed throughout the entirety of the project. It is an output of the Plan Communication Management process
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Communications Management Processes
deliver the right level of information, to the right groups or individuals, at the right times with the projects lifecycle.
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Communiques
these are typically brief internal statements that can be dispatched periodically to provide updates to project activities or to drive individuals and groups to areas where they can obtain additional information.
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Compromise
allows both parties to gain and give up something. It can be seen as a lose-win/lose-win strategy. Is also known as Reconciliation
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compromising
is where opposing sides partially relinquish positions for a Lose- Lose solution
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Conduct Procurements
incorporate risk management to ensure that resources required for the project are readily available when needed
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Conduct Procurements process
covers the acquisition of seller responses to proposals, selecting the service provider and developing a contract for the services required of the project
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configuration control
is the process of managing controlled items, such as a projects deliverables and its related documents, throughout the life cycle of the project. Configuration control is often confused with change control, but they are different processes
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configuration management
provides oversight to the project and ensures changes applied to the project are executed in a controlled, process-driven manner with appropriate levels of quality assurance, testing and compliance to document project requirements. It includes applied controls that incorporate the maintenance of the control organization, change control standards, version control standards and oversight of the change control process. This formal discipline delivers policies, procedures, tools and methods used to identify products and determine baselines
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configuration management plan
is usually a unique document that could also be a part of the projects quality planning activities. Every configuration management plan should contain certain information. All in all, this plan becomes a part of and is a subsidiary to the project management plan
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configuration management systems
are tools that provide oversight to configuration management activities
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conflict management
is important to project deliverables as it serves to increase productivity and promote positive work relationships
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confronting
is where opposing sides address concerns directly for a Win-Win solution
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contingency reserves
set aside funds for unplanned activities
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contingency response strategy
is a risk response that requires the development of scenarios or alternatives to an identified risk once the risk has been realized
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Contract Change Control System
is typically a system that is managed outside the PMO and is administered by either a vendor management organization or a group that administers contracts for the organization, such as a legal department. This system incorporates paperwork and project artifacts relative to requirements defined by the project, it can include tracking capabilities, dispute resolution, processes and procedures and review and approval details required for authorizing changes to a contract
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contracts
represent binding agreements that obligate a seller to provide products and services, which are of value to the buyer
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control account
is a component used to manage costs at an activity level. Each control account receives a unique numbering sequence that ties the activities into an organizations accounting system
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Control Charts
are used to determine the stability of a process or predictable levels of performance. Control charts apply limits to specifications based upon requirements. They are also known as Shewhart charts or process-behavior charts
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Control Communications Process
is the process of monitoring and controlling communication activities throughout the project life cycle.
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Control Costs
is the process of monitoring your project status to ensure that your budget is up to date that your projects value is being delivered to meet expectations
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Control Procurement
pertains to managing relationships, managing contract productivity and applying changes or corrections as needed
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Control Procurement processes
incorporate risk management to ensure that resources required for the project are readily available when needed
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Control Procurements
is the process of overseeing procurement relationships monitoring the performance of contractual activities and ensuring that changes and corrections to contract work take place as needed. This process ensures that the seller and buyer performance meet the requirements according to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract
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Control Quality
is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend changes to the project as needed
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Control Risk
help determine whether or not to choose alternative strategies or the execution of a failover or fall back plan. In this process, the individual or group responsible for respective risks would provide periodic updates to the project team and manager in regard to risk plan effectiveness, unplanned impacts and any corrective actions taken as a result of realized risks
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Control Schedule
monitors the status of project activities to provide progress updates and oversee changes to the schedule baseline. This process helps determine the status of current project schedule
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Control Scope
ensures the intended deliverable is developed with the proper levels of quality, with no deviations or unplanned changes
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Control Stakeholder Engagement
is the process that monitors and maintains stakeholder interactions. Furthermore, it is a process in the Project Stakeholder Management knowledge area
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corrective action
is a documented process to help drive project activities back into alignment with the project's critical path and project management plan
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Cost
Benefit Analysis- delivers details associated with quality activities and comparing the cost of quality to the components expected benefit
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cost accounting
is a technique used by finance departments to calculate the cost of developing activities within a project
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cost aggregation
is the process of applying work package costs and those details through control accounts to deliver a budget. It delivers cost estimates by aggregating work packages detailed within the work breakdown structure. Those cost estimates can then be aggregated up to a higher level within the work breakdown structure hierarchy and, ultimately, add up to the entire project
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cost assumption
is when the project can be completed with existing resources and no additional raw materials other than existing inventories
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Cost Control
aligns to reductions in cost of a process to the application of various methods
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cost management
is one of the most integral components of the project management process. Cost management plan is an input to all other cost management processes because it commonly consists of the plans, guidance, and descriptions on how to best approach or perform the other cost management processes. Contents include: Units of measure, Levels of precision, Levels of accuracy, Organizational procedures and their locations. And a few of particular importance to the next process that we are going to discuss are: Control thresholds, Rules of performance measurement, and Reporting formats
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cost management plan
is an input to all other cost management processes because it commonly consists of the plans, guidance, and descriptions on how to best approach or perform the other cost management processes. Contents include: Units of measure, Levels of precision, Levels of accuracy, Organizational procedures and their locations. And a few of particular importance to the next process that we are going to discuss are: Control thresholds, Rules of performance measurement, and Reporting formats
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cost of failures
is known as the cost of poor quality
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Cost of Quality
incorporates all costs incurred over the life of the product to prevent nonconformance to the projects requirements
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cost performance baseline
becomes the authorized time-phase budget at completion. This budget at completion is used to monitor cost performance over the life of the project
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cost performance index
measures the value of work completed compared to the cost for the work. It measures the cost efficiency for the work that has been completed within the project
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cost performance indicator
is a ratio of earned value over actual cost. The equation is: CPI = EV divided by AC
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cost plus fixed fee (CPFF)
is a type of cost-reimbursable contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the sellers allowable costs, plus a fixed amount of profit
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Cost reimbursable contracts
require payments to the seller for all costs incurred to complete work plus an additional fee that represents the sellers profit
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cost variance (CV)
measures cost performance of a project. The formula for cost variance is: CV = EV - AC. The cost variance of a project is equal to the difference between the budget at completion and the actual dollars spend for the project. The cost variance illustrates the relationship of project performance to the expended budget
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cost-plus contract
incorporates a total cost and an incentive if the vendor meets defined goals. With this type of contract, both parties are accountable for the project completion and funding
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Costs Incurred
is the earned value of project activities aligned to budget and project milestones
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crashing a project
incorporates spending money to accomplish a task within a shorter time span
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Create Work Breakdown Structure
is an iterative process that employs the outputs of the Define Scope process to identify the tasks and work packages that will be included in the Work Breakdown Structure
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Critical Chain Method
modifies the project schedule to accommodate limited resources. Here the project schedule network diagram uses duration estimates with dependencies and constraints as inputs
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critical path
is the longest path through the project. It's made up of activities with zero float
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Critical Path Method (CPM)
is a method that determines a single early and late start date and early and late finish date for each activity on the project to determine both the longest path of the project schedule network diagram and the finish date of the project
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Critical Path Methodology (CPM)
is a method that determines a single early and late start date and early and late finish date for each activity on the project to determine both the longest path of the project schedule network diagram and the finish date of the project. It is also known as critical path method
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customer (client)
refers to an individual or group of individuals directly benefiting from a project or product
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data flow diagram
illustrates the process inputs and outputs that flow through all the processes within a Knowledge Area. It also illustrates inputs and outputs from the Direct and Manage Project Work process
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data flow diagram (DFD)
is a graphical illustration of the "flow" of data through a system that models the processes within the system
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Decode
translates the words or message sent back into thoughts and ideas.
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decompose
relates to the process by which the project team breaks down a requirement to its lowest level
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decomposition
is a technique that helps further define activities by identifying activities aligned within work packages
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defect repairs
is the formal acceptance of a defect within the components of the project
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Define Activities
pertains to all the necessary actions to be performed to generate work package deliverables
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Define Scope
results in delivering detailed descriptions of the projects work. It helps identify all the work that must be performed and only the work that must be performed to meet the requirements identified in the Collect Requirements process
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deliverables
refer to the services or products produced when the project is completed for the project sponsor
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Delphi technique
is used to gain consensus among a team of experts. Within this technique, experts participate anonymously and are asked a series of questions provided by a facilitator
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Democratic
A project manager who does not lead or guide at all falls under this project management leadership style. Consider a football team without a coach or an art class lacking an instructor and you has the gist of this style. Because of the democracy atmosphere, all project team members are allowed input, which can often lengthen the time of the project. An upside to this style is employee morale
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Design of Experiments (DOE)
is a statistical measure for identifying factors that can influence variables of a product or process being developed. It should be used within the Plan Quality process to determine the number and types of tests and their impact on the cost of quality
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Determine Budget
is a process of aggregating the estimated costs of project activities that drive to a baseline within the project where costs are attributed
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Develop Project Charter
is aligned to the Initiating Process Group. The project charter, which provides the basis for conceptualizing a project, is developed during this process. The charter documents the clients perspective and the initial ask of the project. The ask relates to activities the project group will analyze and develop that will lead to the final product
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Develop Project Management Plan
is aligned to the Planning Process Group. The project management plan and subsidiary plans will begin to develop within the planning phase and evolve over time. The project plan is a living document that will be reviewed and revised as the project moves from initiation to completion
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Develop Project Team
takes the Human Resource management plan along with Project Staff Assignments and Resources Calendars as inputs to help build, motivate, inspire and lead the project team
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Direct and Manage Project Work
is part of the Executing Process Group. It provides guidance that fulfills the requirements set forth by the sponsor. This process can be conducted by the project manager alone, may be delegated by the project manager or it may be a team effort
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directed brainstorming
is a variation of electronic brainstorming. It can be done manually or electronically. Each participant is given a form and asked specific brainstorm questions. Then all of the forms are randomly swapped among the participants
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distribution (Students t)
is used to estimate a degree of confidence when the variance of a population is not known and the sample size is not large
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earned value
is a measurement of the project's progress to date or the value of the work completed to date
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earned value (EV)
equates to the value of work performed in terms of the budget assigned to that work. It has to be related to the planned value baseline, and it cannot be greater than the planned value
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earned value management
is the most widely used method to measure a project performance. It takes into consideration project scope costs and schedule helps the project manager assess the projects progress
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earned value performance
compares baseline to actual scheduling costs performance
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electronic brainstorming
is a computerized version of brainstorming, where ideas are shared over a network and entered independently
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Encode
translates thoughts and ideas into a language that the sender trusts to be understood by both the sender and receiver.
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enhance
is a response to a positive risk, or opportunity, where the aim is to gain an advantage or opportunity by increasing the size or scale
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Enterprise Environmental Factors
are internal or external factors based on an organizations culture that can impact, negatively or positively, project management options, such as industry or regulatory standards, organizational culture or structure and global trends or known practices.
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Entity Relationship Diagrams (ER model)
is used to describe database activities. It typically illustrates a relational database where data is presented in tables. It is also spelt Entity-Relationship Diagrams
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Estimate Activity Durations
is the length of time estimated for an activity in conjunction with resource estimates so that a comprehensive view of what it would take and how long it will take to deliver the components of a project is available
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Estimate Activity Resources process
helps determine resource requirements. Estimating resources may take place in the form of cost or time
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estimate at completion (EAC)
is an earned value analysis technique that forecasts the expected total cost of a work component, the schedule activity, or the project at its completion
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Estimate Cost
is the process of developing approximations for monetary resources required to complete project activities. Depending upon the project size, cost estimating may be coincidental to budgeting; this is especially true of projects that are smaller in scope
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estimate to completion (ETC)
is an earned value analysis technique that determines the additional expected costs to complete the schedule activity, WBS component, or control account (or project). This is typically calculated in a bottom-up manner
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Executing Process Group
encompasses processes that develop and complete the work defined in the project management plan.
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Execution Phase
initiates the development of planned activities. Processes and procedures identified within the project management knowledge areas promote an iterative approach in delivering the details determined by the project Work Breakdown Structure, W-B-S Dictionary, Project Schedule, Project Management Plan and all subsidiary plans, while incorporating quality into the development process. The Execution phase takes design information and permits the development team to execute against criteria to build or procure a solution.
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Execution Process Group
ensures resources are developing work with the proper levels of quality anticipated to meet project specifications
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Executive Updates
planned and scheduled communication events that occur on a recurring basis, typically monthly and at monthly intervals such as quarterly and annually.
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Expected Monetary Value Analysis
is a statistical concept that calculates the average outcome when future activities include scenarios that may or may not happen
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expert judgment
is knowledge functioning as a project management tool that aids the project manager and project team by providing necessary details and skills on different subject matters
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external failure costs
include warranty activities, recalls, replacements, and the potential for liability in regard to issues that develop through the use of defective products. In addition to replacement costs and rework, legal fees and the companys brand reputation can be directly impacted by poor quality
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external risks
are probably the biggest risks that a project manager needs to take into consideration, simply because of the level of control the project manager and team may have. Contributors to this type of risk include regulatory issues, contractor concerns, union activities, and third-party stakeholder impacts
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external stakeholders
is a type of stakeholder that is outside of the organization or group sponsoring the project
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Fact Finding
investigations pertaining to build vs. buy decisions where the facts help determine the optimal approach for a project-based solution.
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FAN chart
is a tool used to record stakeholder classification. The three classifications are For, Against, and Neutral
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fast-tracking
refers to conducting project activities concurrently or overlapping activities in order to achieve the projects goal
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feasibility assessments (FIT assessments)
analyze the relative necessity of a project
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Feedback
a response that the message is received, acknowledged, decoded, understood and a response turns the receiver into a sender.
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feeding buffers
are placed at critical points in the chain of dependent tasks not on the critical chain, but that feed into the critical chain
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Finish-To-Finish
the completion of a successor is dependent on the completion of prior activities
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Finish-To-Start
is where the successor can only begin upon completion of prior activities. This is the most common relationship between activities
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finish-to-start precedence
means that one activity must be completed before the next one can start. The arrows will illustrate predecessors and dependencies as work is driven from one work package to the next
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fishbone diagram
is named for its shape, which illustrates activities in a fishbone format-as if you were to look at a side view of the skeleton of a fish. It helps determine the root cause of problems.
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fixed price contract
is where the price of the deliverable does not change regardless of the activities that take place during the contract delivery time frame. This contract typically favors the buyer
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fixed price with adjustments contract
involves a fixed price that is set, but cost adjustments may be made upon completion of a project phase or a specific event. This contract can benefit both the client and the contractor
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Fixed-Price contracts
set a fixed total price for a defined product or service. These contracts typically benefit the buyer because the overall risks relevant to project costs are assumed by the seller
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fixed-price plus incentive contract
is a type of contract that sets a specific, firm price for the goods or services rendered (like the fixed-price contract) and includes an extra incentive for exceeding agreed-upon performance criteria
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float
refers to the degree of flexibility
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Flow Charts
also known as process maps, display the sequence of steps and illustrate possibilities that exist for a process that transforms inputs into outputs. They show activities, decision points, branching, parallel paths and the overall order of a process by detailing operational procedures. They serve to provide understanding and assist in the estimation of the cost of quality in a process
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flowchart
is diagram that represents a process. It illustrates steps as boxes that indicate the activity the step is intended to deliver
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Flowcharting
provides a graphical representation of processes illustrating showing relationships between process steps
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focus groups
bring together stakeholders that have been identified as subject matter experts. They are moderated and designed for a group consensus, as opposed to one-on-one activities, such as interviews. Focus groups are good for acquiring data relevant to cross-functional processes that can be driven with a degree of impartiality.
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Force
or Direct; emphasizes a position at the expense of other positions
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force field analysis
serves to identify, by use of diagrams, the forces in place that are both for and against change relative to a project
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force majeure
equates to risks that are totally beyond the control of the project manager and team. Examples include work stoppages, natural calamities, economic imbalances or collapse
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forcing
is when there is a Win-Lose solution
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forecasting
permits a project manager to gain insight on how the project may progress. A Project manager can develop a forecast that illustrates the EAC, but due to the project performance and estimate activity, EAC may differ from the budget at completion
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forecasts
helps ensure that estimates and projections are aligned to actual activities performed
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Formal Communications Processes
include reports, meeting minutes, executive updates and client briefings.
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forming
is where the team meets and learns about the project and their roles relative to the project. At this point the team is in the formative stages and still view objectives independently
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forward pass method
calculates the early start and finish dates by using a predetermined start date
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free float
describes the amount of time from the completion of a scheduled activity to the point when the next scheduled activity is to start
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functional organizations
are a type of organization that typically has a hierarchy-based structure where it is clear and apparent as far as reporting and supervision is concerned
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functional requirements
provide specific details about how the product of the project will work. Based on these requirements, activities will be identified for development to complete a work package that will meet the needs of the project
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funding limit reconciliation
pertains to the availability of funding for the project based upon constraints
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grade
is considered to be a category assigned for products and services that have the same functional use but can have different characteristics
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group creativity techniques
are activities organized to develop project requirements
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histograms
are simple bar charts that illustrate groups of data. They are used to illustrate differentiating frequencies within a process that can identify trends for analysis and recommendations for process improvements
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Historical Information
is knowledge base information such as lessons learned, project records and all related documentation and appendices
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historical relationships
are most typically aligned to parametric and analogous estimates, involve using project parameters to develop models that protect project costs
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human resource management plan
provides guidance relative to defining, staffing, managing and ultimately releasing project resources. Because this is a subsidiary plan, it also serves the develop project management plan process. The human resource management plan includes: Roles and responsibilities that detail the function assigned or assumed; the level of authority and autonomy that the project manager and team is expected to work by; the degree of responsibility for assigned duties and tasks allocate to team members and the skills and competencies required to complete assigned activities
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Human Resource Plan
helps detail risks associated with resource availability and their aptitude in regard to project deliverables
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Human Resources knowledge area
drives processes to develop a plan for the required people with the necessary capabilities and expertise to apply to project deliverables. The H-R plan is developed in conjunction with the overall project plan within the Planning process group. Acquiring the project team, developing the team and managing the project team take place throughout the execution process group activities
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identification information
is used to create the stakeholder register and includes details such as the title or name of the stakeholder, their position within an organization, role in the project, program, and / or portfolio, location and other geographical data, reporting relationships, contact information, and other relevant data
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Identify Risks
has to do with determining which risks may have an impact on a project and what may trigger that risk
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Identify Stakeholders
is part of the Project Stakeholder Management knowledge area. It is the process of determining the projects stakeholders by applying expert judgment, stakeholder analysis, and meetings
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impact
estimates the severity and magnitude of a potential gain or loss
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independent estimates
are an approach to selecting sellers. An independent estimator, from outside the organization is commissioned to provide a benchmark that can be used to compare proposals submitted by sellers
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influence
is one of the factors measure in the Power/Influence grid that describes and categorizes a project stakeholder
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Influence-Impact Grid
groups stakeholders by their degree of involvement or influence in a project and their ability to impact changes to the projects execution or impact.
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Informal Communications Processes
encompass e-mail and ad-hoc discussions to ensure all parties of interest stay synchronized.
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Initiating Process Group
defines a new project or a new phase of an existing project and provide authorization to start the new project or phase
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Initiation Phase
defines the parameters or boundaries of the project. It validates the need for the project and promotes artifacts such as the Project Statement of Work and Project Charter
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inputs
continue project progression as tools and techniques are applied to these items, products, or mechanisms to produce process outputs and the final product
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inspection
is the deliverables-review process that allows for verification. It is also referred to as reviews, product reviews, audits, or walkthroughs
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Integrate Change Control process
begins when a change is necessary. It is involved in resolving risks as they surface
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Integration Knowledge Area
is integral to the project management process because it brings all aspects of the project together in a manner that engages the sponsor, the project manager, the project team and all the respective stakeholders. It has processes that span the project from beginning to end.
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Interactive Communications
When multiple parties engage in the multidirectional exchange of information, such as a conference call, instant messaging or video conferencing.
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internal failure costs
result from defects being identified prior to delivery to the client or customer. In scope for internal failure costs are rejected products, remnants, rework defective units, and scrap, all of which generate additional downtime and costs for remanufacturing
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Internal Stakeholders
are members of the project team, individuals or groups within a firm that have a vested interest in the project delivered, such as project sponsors or a senior manager.
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International Organization for Standardization
oversee accreditation and certification of companies that comply with their process standards
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Issue Log
is a list of realized risks. Once a risk becomes apparent and has an impact, it escalates to an issue, whereby an individual, or team, takes responsibility to address and resolve the issue
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issues
within projects are the products of escalated risks
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iterative process
is the repetition of a series of tasks that enables project managers to build upon previous project processes and arrive at a decision concerning the projects progress
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joint application development session (JAD)
is a process originating from IBM to help application developers arrive at consensus in regard to project requirements. The benefit of a JAD session is that it drives the group, based upon expert judgment, facilitated by a subject matter expert
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Kepner Tregoe Matrix
is a root cause analysis decision-making method. It is a step-by-step approach used to address an issue and analyze potential risks by applying critical thinking to organize and prioritize information that can then be evaluated
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Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
are metrics of work leading to a goal or objective.
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key stakeholders
are individuals or a group whose decisions and actions will directly impact the project.
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knowledge area
defines a collection of information, skills, and techniques on a specific topic. The number of knowledge areas adjusts as PMI® sees fit
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knowledge areas
define a collection of information, skills, and techniques on a specific topic. The number of knowledge areas adjusts as PMI® sees fit
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knowledge base
is a repository of information. In project management, they are used to store details and documents like lessons learned
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knowledge bases
are a repository of information. In project management, they are used to store details and documents like lessons learned
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Knowledge Transfer
is communicating through training or mentoring.
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lag time (lags)
permits a delay in successor activity
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large client risk
is a risk that vendors can have if they deal holistically with a few large clients
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lead time (leads)
permits an acceleration of successor activity
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lessons learned
is a document part of organizational process assets that describes all of the positive and negative lessons and knowledge gained throughout a project that could be helpful to know or apply in the future
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lifecycle
focuses on the entire process of building project deliverables
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make vs. buy decisions
is a decision to make or develop a component of a project as compared to outright purchasing, licensing, leasing, or procuring the component can be thought of as a very simple decision to make
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Manage Communications Process
creates, collects, stores and distributes project details as per the directives of the communications management plan.
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Manage Project Team
is a process in the Project Human Resource Management knowledge area that involves tracking team performance and making changes to enhance team performance
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Manage Project Team process
is used to track team member performance, provide feedback, address issues and optimize overall project performance
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Manage Stakeholder Engagement
is a process in the Project Stakeholder Management knowledge area that concentrates on the used to interact with stakeholders.
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management reserves
are for unplanned changes to the project scope and, ultimately, costs. Management reserves are typically not a part of a project's cost baseline, and should be incorporated into the total project budget
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
is a theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1954 that all human motivation is based on needs, and that these needs could be divided into five categories: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualization
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matrix organizations
are an organization type that combine both functional and projectized characteristics. There are three types of matrix organizations. Weak matrix organizations lean more toward the functional organization, and the project manager role is more of a coordinator or facilitator; authority is more limited. Strong matrices lean more toward the projectized organization, and may have full-time project managers. They would also have levels of authority comparable to that of a projectized organization. The balanced matrix organization may appreciate the need for project management, but may not provide a project manager with a comprehensive degree of authority to manage or fund the initiative
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median
is the midpoint between the lowest and highest value of a data set
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Meeting Minutes
refers to an internal communications tool used to share and collaborate within the project team and executive management.
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meetings
are used as a tool to bring people together to discuss project progress and communicate other important details concerning the project
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milestone charts
detail time-bound perspectives relevant to the overall productivity of the project. It is simply a graphical illustration of milestone activities
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Mind Mapping
is an activity that involves individualized brainstorming that consolidates all individual findings into a map
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mode
is the most frequently occurring value
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Monitor and Control Project Work
involves monitoring project activities and collecting, measuring and distributing project performance details. It also involves analyzing and assessing project metrics that promote process improvements
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Monitoring and Controlling Process Group
includes processes required to track progress and performance of a project; determine required changes to the project plan and integrate those changes into the project
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Monte Carlo analysis
is based on hedging your bets based on odds and probability
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Motivation-Hygiene theory
indicates there are certain factors in the workplace that lead to job satisfaction while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. This theory distinguishes between Motivators such as challenging work, recognition and responsibility that provide satisfaction to workers arising from conditions of their job
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Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
is a tool that can be used to optimize the resource acquisition process where a weighted score is applied to criteria determined by the project team. With this technique, a rating tool is used to score potential team members. The criterion for the score is determined by the project team
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negotiation
can take place between vendors and the project manager, between the project manager and the project management office, between the project manager and the sponsor, the project manager and stakeholders and also between the project manager and the functional managers that directly oversee resources that could be allocated to a project team. It can also take place between project managers as often is the time when one specific resource is needed by multiple projects within the same timeframe
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network diagram
illustrates how the project team intends to deliver each work package that is part of the project plan
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network diagrams
are used to illustrate connection points between work packages
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Newsletters
are formatted forms of communications that are typically used for projects that have extended durations.
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Noise
interference created by technology used to communicate or a general misunderstanding of the intended message; or individuals that speak different languages.
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Nominal Group Technique
encourages participants to have equal say in participation, ideas are collected by a facilitator in an individual manner (say ideas submitted to an idea box or collecting post-it notes, then the group discuses and ranks or votes on each idea
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non-functional requirements
provide parameters of the product that detail how it works as compared to specifics that are required to build the product
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non-project-based organizations
are organizations that do not use systemic project management tools and/or processes
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norming
is where collaboration becomes more apparent and the project team becomes more acclimated with each other. Project productivity increases and the team engage in higher levels of trust and acceptance
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objective
is the driving force behind goals. They encompass a series of goals, and provide direction and purpose
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organizational assets
are an accumulation of tools, processes, and techniques that are retained by the business in order to standardize processes and practices
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organizational breakdown structure (OBS)
relates the WBS elements to the organizational unit responsible for completing the work
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organizational chart
illustrates how a vendor or third party may be engaged and the person that their services would be managed by
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organizational process assets
are an accumulation of tools, processes, and techniques that are retained by the business in order to standardize processes and practices
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organizational process templates
provide for change request forms that formally create a change request that requires approval
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organizational processes assets
are an accumulation of tools, processes, and techniques that are retained by the business in order to standardize processes and practices
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organizational risk
is illustrated by any impact that the organization can have on project activities. Things like funding a project, or prioritizing resources to meet the time-bound deliverables of the project
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organizational structure
is an Enterprise Environmental Factor that can impact human resource availability and influence the manner by which projects are conducted. Organizational Structures range from the extremes of Functional to Projectized with a matrix of structures between the two extremes
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organizational theory
provides details in regard to the manner in which people, teams and functional units within an organization interact
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outcome
refers to the results of the project as in the project product, service, or good
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outputs
refers to the set of deliverables for a specific process. They are created by applying tools and techniques to inputs that are specific to that process
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Pacesetter
these leaders expect the highest standards from their teams and will often terminate the weak. Managers who utilize this style should expect a lot of stress within teams
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parametric estimates
are defined by activity durations that are quantified by the quantity of work divided by the labor rate per hour of work
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parametric estimating
also known as by the numbers. It refers to statistical relationships between historical data and other information that help calculate cost, budget, and duration estimates
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Pareto Charts
incorporate the 80/20 rule that states 80 percent of problems come from 20 percent of the known causes. Pareto analysis also adds weights to the most frequently occurring activities
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payment systems
serve to ensure that payments to the seller are approved and occur only after the buyer certifies that the work provided was completed to the degree of satisfaction that warrants payment
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Perform Integrated Change Control
is the process of formally reviewing all change requests and managing approved changes into the project plan for development
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Perform Quality Assurance
is the process of auditing quality requirements and the results obtained from quality control measurements that ensure standards and definitions are utilized
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Perform Risk Analysis
is the process of prioritizing risks for further analysis or action by combining and assessing the probability and impact of risks occurrence
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performance assessments
can be formal or informal reviews that can be used to illustrate a project teams level of effectiveness
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performance measurement baseline (PMB)
is the total of the projects planned values
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Performance Reporting
provides work performance data and details supplied by sellers and compared to contract based requirements
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performance reviews
compare cost performance over time, schedule or work packages, budget over and under runs and estimated funding to complete the project
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performing
is where the project team is firing on all cylinders, or working effectively. By now the team is well organized and individuals are performing within their roles to meet project expectations
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Plan Cost Management
is the process implemented to determine and update policies, approaches, procedures, plans, process flows, and other documentation
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Plan Human Resource Management
is the process of identifying and detailing roles and responsibilities, skills and relationships within a project
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Plan Procurements
is the process of detailing and documenting project requirements and decisions. The plan process also provides details relevant to the project team's approach to procurement activities, as well as identifying contract participants which would be buyers or sellers
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Plan Quality Management
is the process of identifying quality requirements or standards for the project and product while providing documentation in regard to how the project will comply with quality standards
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Plan Risk Management
defines the manner in which risk management activities will be undertaken throughout the project. It helps provide visualization of risks throughout the project and aligns those risks to the level of tolerance and appetite that the sponsor and stakeholders have identified
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Plan Scope Management
is a process that existed in prior editions and was always done. It is the process of creating the plan on how you and your team should manage the scope activities of the project
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Plan Stakeholder Management
is the planning process of stakeholder management in which the project stakeholder plan is created
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planned value (PV)
is the budget assigned to a work package to be accomplished
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Planning Phase
incorporates activities that acquire the resources to staff and develop work within the project constraints. Project plans, human resource requirements, infrastructure details and stakeholder register are artifacts developed within the Planning phase. The Planning phase helps the project team determine if the project deliverables will be built vs. bought
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Planning Process Group
involves processes required to determine the scope of a project, decompose project objectives and determine how the project will progress via the project management plan
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PMBOK® guide
is the sum of knowledge within the profession of project management. Includes proven traditional practices that are widely applied and innovative practices that are emerging in the profession. Includes both published and unpublished materials
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PMI Risk Management Professional (PMIRMP)
provides expertise in the specialized area of assessing and identifying project risks, along with plans to mitigate threats and capitalize on opportunities. These individuals are responsible for identifying project risks and preparing mitigation plans, as well as supporting project management and the team as a contributing member
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PMI Scheduling Professional (PMISP)
provides expertise in the specialized area of developing and maintaining the project schedule. These individuals are responsible for creating and maintaining the project schedule and supporting project management and the team as a contributing member
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poisson distribution
is used to determine the random occurrence of a project constraint such as a period of time or an event
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portfolio
sits atop a corporate project management hierarchy. The portfolio consists of multiple programs that may have a common theme or area of concentration
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power interest grid
can help with categorizing stakeholders. It can be made up of sections that represent: power and interest, which groups stakeholders based on authority and degree of concern for a project; power and influence, which groups stakeholders based on their level of authority; and active involvement and influence/impact, which groups stakeholders by their active involvement and their ability to effect change
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Power-Influence Grid
is where the power component remains unchanged and interest is replaced with influence or involvement in a project.
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Power-Interest Grid
can help with categorizing stakeholders. It can be made up of sections that represent: power and interest, which groups stakeholders based on authority and degree of concern for a project; power and influence, which groups stakeholders based on their level of authority; and active involvement and influence/impact, which groups stakeholders by their active involvement and their ability to effect change.
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pre-assignment
is the process by which team members are chosen in advance. This is sometimes called cherry picking as the resources required more often than not have a specific relationship or level of expertise that the project manager deems to be necessary for project activities
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precedence diagram method (PDM)
is a diagramming method that places activities on nodes, which connect to dependent activities using arrows. One type of precedence diagram are activity on node diagrams
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precedence diagramming method (PDM)
is a technique used to graphically represent scheduled activities. It places activities on nodes, which connect to dependent activities using arrows. One type of precedence diagram are activity on node diagrams
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precision
pertains to consistency that the value of repeated measurements remains the same or close to the same
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Press Releases
are external in nature and intended to communicate positive information pertaining to the project and the firm developing it.
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prevention
works to keep errors out of the processes used to develop a product
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Preventive Action
is a documented process that will provide direction and guide resources to prevent a deliverable from going off track or not conforming to project requirements
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preventive actions
are a documented process that will provide direction and guide resources to prevent a deliverable from going off track or not conforming to project requirements
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probability
measures the likelihood that an opportunity or threat identified in the risk register will occur and is expressed as either a numerical value or a ranking which is traditionally High, Moderate, or Low
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probability and impact matrix
identifies and helps prioritize risks for quantitative analysis and response planning
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probing assumptions
draws out biases beliefs used to support an argument
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process
in terms of the PMBOK® refers to inter-related actions and activities that are grouped together to accomplish a specific service or product and drive project work
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Process Asset Library (PAL)
is the location where templates, forms, and historical project information is retained
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Process Configurations
are illustrations of project processes. These configurations provide visualization of the process that helps the team analyze process areas for enhancements or improvements
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process groups
are units used to logically collect project processes
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Process Improvement Plan
details required steps that are used to analyze processes specifically aimed at improvement opportunities. Thresholds, boundaries, configuration, and metrics are all in scope for improvement opportunities
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process quality
relates to the project management processes aligned to deliver the product of the project
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processes
in terms of the PMBOK® refer to inter-related actions and activities that are grouped together to accomplish a specific service or product and drive project work
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procurement agreements
contain conditions and other buyer specific details in regard to seller requirements
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procurement documents
are typically organizational process assets that pertain to contractual relationships and procedures required by the organization for procurement work. They aid in forming the purchaser-supplier relationships defining the requirements or acceptable criteria for the product or service
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Procurement knowledge area
focuses on the purchasing and availability of quality raw materials. This raw material is used in the production of finished products. It is responsible for negotiating the quality supplies at acceptable rates
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procurement management plan
is a subsidiary plan of the project management plan that is used to describe how the project team will obtain goods and services from vendors or service providers that are typically outside of the organization. It describes how the procurement process will be managed relevant to project deliverables from project initiation through to closure
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procurement negotiations
are used to clarify terms and conditions within a contractor agreement
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procurement performance reviews
are structured reviews that that the sellers performance into consideration as they deliver project work as it pertains to the scope and quality requirements
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product
is the developed product, service, or good that results from the launching and successful completion of a project
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product analysis
is analysis performed on line item requirements of a project allows you to develop specific requirements based upon findings
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product quality
refers to the quality inherent to all activities and/or deliverables that create the product of the project
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Product Reviews
take place at the work package level to ensure that components of the projects product are capable of being delivered to meet project requirements
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Product Scope
is a more focused concept that is centered on the features and requirements of the product delivered via the project
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product walkthrough
permits the project management team to present deliverables so the sponsor and stakeholders can see how the projects product is developing. They help identify areas where requirements may have been missed prior to the project being closed
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product-oriented processes
create the projects product. They are defined by the project life cycle
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professional development units (PDUs)
are credits that contribute to the educational requirements for project manager certification
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program
incorporates multiple projects that are similar in nature, allowing the firm to oversee project-based activities that include common resources, budget and direction
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Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
uses expected valueor weighted averageof critical path tasks to determine project duration by establishing three estimates: most likely, pessimistic, and optimistic. The formula for PERT is optimistic + pessimistic + (4 * most likely) / 6. PERT is used when activity duration estimates are highly uncertain
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Program Management Office (PMO)
oversees multiple programs that capitalize on similar resources and have projects funded from specific areas
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Program Management Professionals (PgMP)
certified individuals that are responsible for achieving an organizational objective by overseeing a program that consists of multiple projects. In addition, these people are able to define and initiate projects and assign project managers to manage cost, schedule and performance
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Progress Reporting
aligns deliverable status to predetermined milestones developed in conjunction with the project baseline
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progressive elaboration
is the accumulation of knowledge over time that is applied repeatedly, which results in the individual gaining different levels of experience
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project
is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end, undertaking to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value
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Project Artifacts
are previous project documents that were archived for future reference. Documents include contracts, invoices, bills, project plans, meeting minutes, lessons learned, peer reviews and all organizational process assets pertaining to the project.
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project baseline
incorporates plan start to finish date for each activity. This process typically occurs prior to the completion of the project management plan
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project calendars
are constantly updated to reflect changing deliverables and manageable time frames. It is an excellent point of reference the project team can use to ensure that deliverables and expectations are met within the time constraints of a project
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Project Charter
describes a project in the initial approach toward the project's product. Helps illustrate what needs to be accomplished and provides a preliminary approach on how the project will proceed
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Project Communication Management Plan
is a subsidiary plan of the Project Management Plan that explains how communications will be structured, executed, monitored and controlled. Details within the communications management plan include the types of information in scope for communications; the format, language, frequency, content and details are all examples of details.
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Project Communications Management
promotes effective communications to all stakeholders, project team participants, clients, vendors and the general public when necessary. There are three processes within the Communications knowledge area, where Stakeholders are identified so effective communications can take place with those that have a vested interest in the project
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Project Cost Management
is comprised of the Plan Cost Management, Estimate Costs, Determine Budget, and Control Costs processes. Inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs of this knowledge area function together to ensure that the project stays under budget. It entails processes that break down requirements to the activity level, where control accounts can monitor expenditures
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project cost-benefit analysis
is another tool thats updated as the project progresses, based on analysis of the projects cost benefit, which can help determine whether the project should continue
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project deliverables
refer to the services or products produced when the project is completed for the project sponsor
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project funding requirements
are derived from the cost baseline; it will include all project expenditures, plus ancillary liabilities
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Project Initiation processes
is the first phase in the project life cycle. It starts the project. This is also when the projects purpose, scope, and justification are defined
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Project Integration Management
has processes that span the project and occur within each process group. Its processes begin within the Initiating process group
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Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®)
is the sum of knowledge within the profession of project management. Includes proven traditional practices that are widely applied and innovative practices that are emerging in the profession. Includes both published and unpublished materials
-
Project Management Body of Knowledge® (PMBOK®)
is the sum of knowledge within the profession of project management. Includes proven traditional practices that are widely applied and innovative practices that are emerging in the profession. Includes both published and unpublished materials.
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project management information systems (PMIS)
is incorporated as part of the enterprise environmental input to several processes. It is an automated or manual system used to document the project management plan and subsidiary plans, to facilitate the feed- back process, and revise documents
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Project Management Institute® (PMI®)
is a not-for-profit professional organization developed from a group of working project managers. Today its primary goal is to advance the practice, and profession of project management throughout the world
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Project Management Office (PMO)
provides organizational focus for the management of projects within a performing organization using program and/or portfolio structures to manage project relationships
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Project Management Plan
is the document detailing all aspects of a project including baselines that are referenced throughout the projects lifecycle to keep the project on track
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project management processes
drive work by categorizing efforts into knowledge areas. The processes within these knowledge areas encompass the tools and techniques used in project management
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Project Management Professional® (PMP®)
is a credential offered by the Project Management Institute® for project managers. Designed to improve the success rate of projects in all areas of knowledge by applying a standardized and evolving set of project management principles. This certification is gained by taking an exam and having enough hours of project management experience
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project management risks
impact the manner in which project activities are carried out and is more of a function of administering the project than developing components of the project
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project management team
also known as the Core Team or the Executive leadership Team. Their role provides support within project activities such as funding the project, detailing the projects size & scope, overseeing productivity & progress and managing and influencing project stakeholders
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project manager
is the individual charged with managing a temporary endeavor from beginning to end who monitors project progress and ensures that project activities stay on task, under budget, and finishes on time
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project metrics
can be used to optimize development activities and assess quality deliverables at the activity level
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project net present value
factors discount rates into project deliverables over time, help the project team determine the value of a project based upon the cost of money today
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Project Performance Appraisals
are used to clarify roles and responsibilities as well as keep the project teams on track relative to project deliverables
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Project Procurement Management
incorporates processes required to acquire goods and services or results provided by a third party. Within procurement management the organization driving the project may be either the buyer or the seller of goods and services. Project procurement management incorporates contract management and change control activities needed for the proper administration of contracts and purchase orders authorized by the project team
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Project Quality Assessment
ensures that the processes and steps required to deliver the project are adhered to with appropriate levels of documentation, and within the constraints of the project. They are conducted in a more formalize manner as an activity that is undertaken by a party outside of the project management team
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Project Quality Management
incorporates risk activities to ensure that quality assurance and quality planning are delivering the level of quality expected. Qualitative and quantitative analysis helps identify risk and determine whether corrective or preventive measures are necessary
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Project Risk Log
is another method used to help determine the level of risk and manage it. The log can be a spreadsheet based template that aligns to the project schedule and details activities within each work package
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Project Risk Management
is the process of conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, response planning and controlling risks within a project
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Project Risk Management Knowledge Area
encompasses all the processes involved in conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, response planning and controlling risks within a project
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Project Risk Management Plan
is part of the overall Project Management Plan, provides guidance, sets the tone for risk-related activities, and informs stakeholders and project team members. This plan ensures the degree, type and visibility are in line with organizational expectations
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project risk register
serves to identify risks, their root cause(s), potential responses, individuals or groups that will own the risk, triggers that help determine a risk event, the relative ranking of the risk itself in alignment with all other risks identified; as well as near-term risk responses, risks that need additional analysis or rework, trends based upon qualitative analysis applied and a watch list that the team can use during weekly project update meanings to ensure that kind risk events are managed appropriately
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project scope
is the work required to deliver a product or service
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project scope baseline
incorporates project assumptions into the scope of a project. It contributes to the development of the project Work Breakdown Structure which, in turn, can serve as an analytical tool to help determine risk at the summary, control account, and work package levels
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project scope document
details all activities in-scope and makes note of activities out-of-scope for the project
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Project Scope Management
details best practices, skills and processes required for project managers to properly manage scope details best practices, skills and processes required for project managers to properly manage scope
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Project Scope Statement
is an important communications tool that provides all project participants with a shared and common understanding of the projects deliverables and the work that will be performed to create those deliverables. It is a key project management document that provides the project team with guidance on the work to be performed during project execution. Also helps determine those activities deemed to be out of scope and not a part of the project
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Project Staff Assignments
is a list of project team members that are given tasks by using the projects roles and responsibilities to help understand the caliber of worker required to carry out specific tasks
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Project Stakeholder Management
is the knowledge area including the inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs involved in identifying stakeholders, planning stakeholder management, and managing and controlling stakeholder engagement.
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project stakeholders
are identified individuals who have influence and impact in a projects outcome. They can either be internal or external to an organization
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Project Statement of Work
is incorporated to help support the development of the Project Charter. It helps to answer the Who, What, When, Where and Why-type questions of the project
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project team
refers to a group of people brought together to work toward achieving a common goal to work on the project deliverables
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project template
a set of predesigned formats and layouts applied to a document for a specific purpose in a the project
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Project Time Management
is a knowledge area that takes into the consideration project constraints that pertain to time. It incorporates all the processes that are required to ensure the effective and timely completion of projects
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project-based organizations
are those organizations that operate mostly to drive project activities
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projectized organizations
are organizations that have departments that report directly to the project manager and provide support services to the various projects. They drive activities as if they are projects. In this type of organizational structure most of the resources are involved in project work and project managers exercise autonomy and authority over project decisions
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Pull Communication
is extracted single source data that is pulled-down from a common repository and contains project details.
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Push Communication
is a summary of a project meeting that is transcribed into a document, attached to an email and pushed out to a distribution list, which is comprised of the project team and stakeholders.
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Qualitative Risk Analysis
is the process of prioritizing risks for further analysis and action. It combines risks and their probability of occurrences and ranks them accordingly
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quality
correlates to the degree to which characteristics of a project meet requirements
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quality assumptions
determines the proper level of quality and the risk inherent to project deliverables requires assumptions that pertain to the degree of quality and the level of risk that the project stakeholders are willing to assume
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quality auditors
is a certified individual responsible for ensuring the quality of project activities and outputs. They use the stands and principles of auditing to ensure quality
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quality audits
are structured, independent reviews that help the project team align activities to meet client expectations, organizational policies and standards, regulatory requirements- if applicable and processes or procedures detailed within organizational process assets
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quality conformance
is a target toward which project managers should drive project-related activities. Conformance indicates that the product of a project meets or exceeds design specifications and is free of defects that could impact the performance of the product
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quality control
is concerned with meeting the quality requirements specified for each deliverable. It is an activity that is usually performed before verification, as the quality attributes of a deliverable will obviously affect its acceptance
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Quality Control Measurements
provide details pertaining to the findings or results of performance metrics that were specified during quality planning activities. They are the tools, or analytical measurements, used to access quality based upon analytical details or data
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Quality Control Measures
are the results of quality control activities and required changes within the project to address quality risks and issues found
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quality cost
correlates to project related costs incurred to prevent defects or those costs that may result due to defects
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quality management knowledge area
incorporates risk activities to ensure that quality assurance and quality planning are delivering the level of quality expected. Qualitative and quantitative analysis helps identify risk and determine whether corrective or preventive measures are necessary
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Quality Management Plan
will be used to help determine the risks associated with integrating quality within work packages, or at the activity level. First section client identifies Completeness and Correction Criteria, part 2 is Quality Assurance to create the deliverables, third, Quality Control to record and track activities.
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quality plan
helps define requirements for quality and the approach that will be taken to achieve them. It is typically applied to ensure adherence throughout the life of the project
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quantitative risk analysis
has results that may be based upon mathematical formulas, simulation methods and statistical analysis. This analysis type goes through the usual process practice of generating inputs and applying those inputs to tools and techniques to generate project artifacts or project document updates
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RACI diagram
stands for Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed. It can be used to detail what roles are associated to key team members
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RAG Status
stands for red, amber, and green; based on the traffic light colors that correlate to a particular status of a project, i.e., projects with no issues that are meeting all constraints are typically identified with a green status.
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range
is the span of values over which your data set occurs
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Rayleigh Distribution
illustrates asymmetrically all positive outcomes. Outcomes typically cluster around a value identified to be a most likely outcome
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Recapping
is summarizing pertinent details contributes to delivering the proper message to the right people at the right time.
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records management systems
are used by project managers to provide oversight for artifacts and to manage contract and procurement documentation
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Requests for Change (RFCs)
formal change requests that are instituted based upon findings and adjustments to requirements that took place throughout the prior processes
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requirements documentation
describes how each requirement impacts the project
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Requirements Management Plan
centers on the projects requirements and how they are to be managed throughout the project lifecycle. The plan incorporates tools and activities the project team will utilize in driving the project toward completion
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requirements traceability matrix
aids in helping the project team visualize developed versions of activities within a project
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reserve analysis
addresses the project budget and serves to ensure that negative impacts to a project have ample funding to cover the risk. Can be established for both contingency reserves and management reserves within the project
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Resource assumptions
pertain to having the right people, with the right level of expertise, at the right time
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Resource breakdown structure (RBS)
is a hierarchical chart of resources that breaks down the work of the project according to the types of resources needed
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resource calendars
are used to determine which resources, as part of the project team, are available to work on specific activities
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resource leveling
is a technique applied after analyzing input information to ensure that project activities remain on target
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resource optimization techniques
are used to optimize the distribution of work among resources
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Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
provides details that pertain to roles and responsibilities. It is a simple grid that may be developed within a spreadsheet, or there may be an organizational process asset template available for the project manager to use
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RFI
is a request for information, bids or tender offers
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RFP
is a request for proposal
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RFQ
is a request for quotation
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risk
refers to the potential external events that will negatively impact a projects progress
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risk acceptance
typically takes place when both the probability and impact is identified as low. Here the project team acknowledges the risks and determines that no action is required to be taken. It is a response to positive and negative risks
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risk appetite
is the degree of uncertainty an entity is willing to take in anticipation of a reward
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risk audits
are used to detail and document effectiveness of root cause analysis, risk identification based upon assumptions and the overall risk response plan
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risk avoidance
is a strategy used to deal with negative risk, where the project team works to eliminate a threat to a project where the potential impact will be negative. Involves changing a project deliverable to eliminate a threat or high-probability, high-impact risk. Examples include de-scoping an item from a project or applying a buy vs. build decision.
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risk breakdown structure (RBS)
is a matrix that ties roles and responsibilities with the WBS elements to ensure that each element has a resource assigned
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Risk Categories
help the project team quantify and group risks that may be similar in nature
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Risk Category
identifies the risk by area impacted- such as technology, organizational, project management, external
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risk data quality assessment
evaluates the degree of relevance and applicability risk information gathered has to project deliverables
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risk log
is another method used to help determine the level of risk and manage it. The log can be a spreadsheet based template that aligns to the project schedule and details activities within each work package
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risk logs
are a method used to help determine the level of risk and manage it. The log can be a spreadsheet based template that aligns to the project schedule and details activities within each work package
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Risk Management Approach
describes and summarizes how risk management activities will be applied to project artifacts, the type of analyses intended to be used, the group expected to perform the work and the timeframes relevant to planned activities
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risk management plan
is part of the overall Project Management Plan, provides guidance, sets the tone for risk-related activities, and informs stakeholders and project team members. This plan ensures the degree, type and visibility are in line with organizational expectations
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risk mitigation
involves the project team acting to reduce probability and or impact. Providing the project team has the ability to do so, they can manage activities to within acceptable levels or risk thresholds
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risk planning
helps ensure that accurate cost estimates are applied to each activity within work packages, and that all activities are associated to work packages
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risk register
helps the project team determine and allocate costs against risks identified while reviewing activities within the work breakdown structure
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Risk response
is process occurs after quantitative risk analysis activities are complete when each risk response is based upon a thorough understanding of how it will address an impact the risk
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Risk Response Strategy
provides details relevant to options available and thresholds required for consideration
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risk reviews
permit the project team to ensure that no risk is overlooked relevant to timing improbability
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Risk Score or Exposure
measures the overall threat of the risk. It combines the probability and the impact into a single number value
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risk threshold
refers to measurements along the level of uncertainty or the level of impact at which a stakeholder may have a specific interest
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Risk tolerance
is the degree, amount or volume of risk that an organization or individual will withstand
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risk transfer
takes place when the project team shifts the impact of a threat to a third party that will assume ownership of the response. While this does not serve to eliminate the risk, it does transfer the responsibility for its management
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risk transference
moves the risk to a third party that assumes ownership and responsibility for the risk
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risk urgency assessment
is a prioritization technique predicated on time
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risks
refer to the potential external events that will negatively impact a projects progress
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Rolling Wave technique
is a method that helps rive projects that have dissimilar levels of information
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Root cause analysis (RCA)
is another information-gathering technique that permits the project team to identify multiple causes that correlate to risk and, through analysis, arrive at the single root cause
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rough order of magnitude
is a framework to guide near-term activity through what will deliver a more specific estimate
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Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM)
is a concept referring to estimation cycles. Additional estimating activities usually do not deliver additional benefits beyond the third iteration, so it may be cost prohibitive to attempt to fine-tune estimates beyond the third approach
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Run Charts
plot data based on time to identify trends and cycles
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salience model
is a type of stakeholder analysis that groups stakeholders by their ability to impose will, requirement for immediate attention, and the degree of appropriateness for their involvement in the project
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Scatter Diagrams
are two-dimensional plots used to show the relationship between independent and dependent variable. They are used to determine direct or indirect relationships that can then be used to analyze process performance
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schedule
can help identify risks as it details the amount of time required for and sequence of activities
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Schedule Baseline
is developed from the schedule network analysis. The baseline is used to measure all future work activities
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Schedule Compression
permits the project manager to compress the project schedule without impacting scope by addressing activities that are behind schedule to realign with the projects critical path
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schedule compression techniques
is where additional resources are used to shorten the duration of a projects critical path, or the projects critical path is shortened by running more activities in parallel, enable resources to be applied in a manner that helps drive project activities in alignment with the projects constraints
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schedule data
incorporates milestone scheduling activities, activity attributes, and project documentation covering all assumptions and constraints
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Schedule Management Plan
is used to identify risks associated with project development, especially predecessors and successors, and how risk can impact their ability to meet a projects critical path
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schedule performance index
measures progress achieved compared to progress planned. It is used to forecast project completion estimates. SPI = EV divided by PV. The schedule performance index provides a measurement of the project work performed along the projects critical path taken help determine whether project will complete ahead of schedule, behind schedule or on schedule
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schedule variance (SV)
measures the project schedule performance will. The formula for schedule variance is: SV = EV - PV. The schedule variance can help illustrate when a project is falling behind its baseline schedule
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scope
defines and details activities necessary to deliver a project to completion
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scope baseline
incorporates project assumptions into the scope of a project. It contributes to the development of the project Work Breakdown Structure which, in turn, can serve as an analytical tool to help determine risk at the summary, control account, and work package levels
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scope creep
is a phenomena that occurs when additional work gets incorporated in a project
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seller proposals
provide the necessary details any feedback from the sellers perspective that can determine feasibility and capabilities of a seller are relevant to the project needs
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Sender-receiver Models
models that incorporate feedback loops, which generate interaction and participation opportunities.
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sensitivity analysis
is used to determine risks with the highest potential to impact a project, also enables the project team to determine how variations to project objectives correlate with variations in different uncertainties
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Sequence Activities
identifies and documents the relationship between work packages. All activities have connections to either predecessors or successors, with the exception of the first and last milestones
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serve analysis
is a tool/technique of the Estimating Activity Durations process. It helps account for schedule uncertainties. A reserve or contingency reserve is typically 5 percent of a projects budget, and is used at the project managers discretion to ensure project activities remain on track
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Seven Basic Tools of Quality
is a set of graphical tools and techniques that address quality issues in manufacturing. As compared to operations research activities, these tools are considered to be basic because they require minimal formal training in statistics and can be used to solve the majority of quality-related issues
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showstopper
is an issue or event during a project that requires a complete halt to future project activities until the issue is fully mitigated
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SIPOC
is a tool used to identify and categorize the parts of a process as relating to either the suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, or customers
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smoothing
is a technique used to address conflicts within a project. It is considered a No-solution technique because nothing is actually resolved
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Sole Source Risk
is the risk of shutting down a supply chain due to a lack of alternatives. This type of risk can bring a project to a stop until the source concern is mitigated
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source selection criteria
permits the project team to define what they believe is necessary of the seller in order to be considered a viable entity for contract work
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stages
refer to a particular time during the project when specific activities are conducted
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stakeholder
are identified individuals who have influence and impact in a projects outcome. They can either be internal or external to an organization
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stakeholder analysis
is a technique used in the Identify Stakeholder process that is used to gather and analyze information to determine who interests should be taken into account
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stakeholder classification
is the information based on the sorting and labeling of the analyzed stakeholders that contributes details to the Stakeholder Registry
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Stakeholder Engagement Outputs
activities permitting the project manager and team the ability to control and / or manage the impacts stakeholders may introduce.
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stakeholder management knowledge area
is the knowledge area including the inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs involved in identifying stakeholders, planning stakeholder management, and managing and controlling stakeholder engagement
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stakeholder management plan
is a document entailing the details and plans on how to effectively manage stakeholder engagement
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stakeholder register
is a communication tool that a project manager can customize. Helps provide the answers up front in regard to engaging and coordinating efforts amongst stakeholders
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stakeholders
are identified individuals who have influence and impact in a projects outcome. They can either be internal or external to an organization
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standard deviation from the mean
refers to how much each measurement deviates from the mean
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Start-To-Finish
is where successor activities completion relies upon the start of prior activities. This is the least common relationship
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Start-To-Start
is when the successor activity start relies upon the start of prior activities
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statement of work
is incorporated to help support the development of the Project Charter. It helps to answer the Who, What, When, Where and Why-type questions of the project
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statements of work
are developed by the vendors that provide explicit details that correlate to actions and interactions intended to be delivered throughout the project lifecycles
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Statistical Sampling
provides the ability to choose part of the population in scope for inspection whereby sample frequencies and sizes are determined during the Plan Quality process
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storming
is the next phase where project work begins sand the team addresses the project management approach, project decisions and overall work
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Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis
is a problem-solving technique that can be used in many situations, from strategic planning to reviewing a business proposition
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subject matter experts (SMEs)
are individuals with knowledge on a specific topic or trade who provide details that can be used in expert judgment; its knowledge sharing
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swim lane diagram
visualizes process flows in a manner that distinguishes responsibilities for sub-processes. They may be arranged either horizontally or vertically
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switchover risk
pertains to the impact of time and costs in transitioning from one source to another
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team
a group of people brought together to work toward achieving a common goal to work on the project deliverables
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Team Idea Mapping method
works through association, improves collaboration, and increases the quantity of ideas. The process starts with one topic and each participant brainstorms individually. Once individual brainstorming is complete, all ideas are incorporated into one single idea map
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Team Leader
combines a strong coaching trait with patience appears. They are experts in risk management and change control skills because of their encouraging personality, even throughout downturns or failures
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Team Meetings
are used as a tool to bring people together to discuss project progress and communicate other important details concerning the project
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Teamwork Theory
also referred to as the Tuckman Ladder. This theory originally incorporated four stages of development that most teams experience
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technical performance measurements
compare technical accomplishments throughout project execution to the schedule of technical achievement
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technical risk
is a type of risk that is usually aligned to quality and performance objectives
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The Gartner Group
is a company that provides information and analysis relevant to technology
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three-point estimates
is also known as the PERT technique
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thresholds
help determine the upper and lower limits of a process
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time and materials contract
includes unit rates are set for labor and materials with no fixed total budget. The client may require a threshold or maximum amount where the vendor would be required to advise the client on project spending as it reaches budget limitations
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Time assumptions
ensures delivering a project meets its critical path commitment, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of the project management process
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To-complete performance index (TCPI)
is a calculated projection of course performance on work that has to be completed in order to meet a specific goal
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tools and techniques
are methods, charts, techniques, and tools that are used throughout a projects lifecycle to take process inputs and turn them into process outputs
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top-down estimating
provides estimates for high-level activities such as documentation configuration and design without knowing details at the activity level. Top-down estimating is most useful at the early stages of development, when specific activity details may not be required
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tornado diagram
is appropriately named because its appearance resembles the final of a tornado. It is simply a bar chart used for comparative analysis
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total float
is used to determine the number of delays permitted from the start of the project that will not impede the project expected completion date
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trend analysis
examines performance over time to indicate deterioration or improvement
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Triangular Distribution
is a statistical distribution that increases linearly from a minimum to a maximum based upon an arbitrary value of X, and then decreases from the maximum to a minimum. A is defined as the minimum, C is defined as the peak and B is defined as the maximum. The triangular distribution provides the project team with a probability density for each value of X
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Use Case Diagrams
are used to describe the visible interactions that the system will have with users and external systems. They can describe how a user would perform their role when using the system, which would assist in product development
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Validate Scope
is the process whereby stakeholders formally accept the completed project scope and associated deliverables. Furthermore, it is the prescribed method for verifying the scope requirements of a project are fulfilled, and validating satisfaction. This process provides for formal acceptance of the Work Breakdown Structure and the project deliverables
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Value Assessment
determines what data is worth resource allocations of time and money.
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variable sampling
was developed to continuously measure quantities for quality control
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variance analysis
is used with earned value management compares actual project performance to planned or expected performance most frequent analysis pertains to costs and schedule
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vendor data analysis
is another method of determining project cost based upon responses provided by vendors that are deemed to be qualified
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version control
is typically a component of software development and is used to control the release of software. Specific versions of software can incorporate different levels of feature functionality. Version control can work outside of the software realm, where multiple iterations of product development are required. Just like software, each iteration can be identified by a unique version number
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virtual teams
are a technique for acquiring resources when the project activities support such a concept. They are a group of individuals with a common shared goal that can achieve project deliverables without a physical presence
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Waterfall Processes
is a sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance.
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what-if scenarios
provide a review of multiple scenarios that may be required to realign schedule activities with the project plan
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Withdraw
is where at least one party to the conflict avoids or withdraws from the conflict and decides not to deal with it. This is also known as Avoidance
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Withdrawal
is similar to Smoothing where no solution is produced
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work breakdown structure (WBS)
gives the project manager and team the ability to decompose project-based features to their lowest elements that can be monitored, managed, measured, and delivered upon. Details developed within the WBS permit the project manager to determine the project's critical path and schedule, and provide a tool to develop and deliver project metrics
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work package
is a specific task that is part of a project's Work Breakdown Structure
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work performance metrics
equate to the calculations for cost variance, schedule variance, cost performance index and schedule performance index as they relate to work packages within the WBS
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Work Performance Reports
help the project manager determine overall project health
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work periods
is known activity duration
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