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michael angelo phenomenon
self concept is made up of intrapersonal self and the ideas one has in regards to his own abilities, traits, and behaviors
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social actions
acts and behaviors individuals are conscious of and performed b/c others are around
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social facilitation
people do stuff b/c they know they are being watched
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yerkes-dodson law of social facilitation
- people perform simple tasks that one is already good at and hinders performance of less familiar tasks
- (i.e. pianist performs better in concert than in a practice room setting)
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deindividuation
- when individuals are in a group setting, can lead to anonymity behavior
- (when in a large group, they lose their identity)
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antinormative behavior
behavior against the norm
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bystander effect
individual do not intervene to help when others are present
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social loafing
individuals put less effort when in a group setting
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identity shift effect
individuals harmony is disrupted by the thought of social rejection, so they conform
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cognitive dissonance
simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinion
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social interactions
ways two or more individuals can both shape each other's behaviors
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group polarization
groups make decisions that are more extreme than an individuals ideas
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choice shift
behavior change of the group as a whole
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group think
desire for harmony or conformity results in group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
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assimilation
individual or group behavior and culture that begin to resemble that of another
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ethnic enclaves
location w/ increase concentration of one specific ethnicity
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Irving Janis examined 8 factors that are indicative of group thinking based on her study in which she studied the effect of extreme stress on group cohesiveness and the decisions that led to American foreign policy decisions
- illusion of vulnerability
- collective rationalization
- illusion of morality
- excessive stereotyping
- pressure for conformity
- self-censorship
- illusion of unanimity
- mindguards
- IMISCPIE
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illusion of vulnerability factor that are indicative of group thinking
the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
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collective rationalization factor that are indicative of group thinking
ignore warning against the idea of the group
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illusion of morality factor that are indicative of group thinking
the belief that the group's decisions are morally correct
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excessive stereotyping factor that are indicative of group thinking
construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
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pressure for conformity factor that are indicative of group thinking
pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, opposite views are disloyal
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self censorship factor that are indicative of group thinking
withholding of opposite views
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illusions of unanimity factor that are indicative of group thinking
false sense of agreement within the group
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mindguards factor that are indicative of group thinking
appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
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subcultures
refer to a group of people living in a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture in which they belong
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socialization
process of developing , inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
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primary socialization
occurs during childhood, learn acceptable actions and attitudes in society through observations of others older in the house hold
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secondary socialization
- learning appropriate behaviors w/in small smaller sections of a larger society
- (occurs outside of the home like at school)
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anticipatory socialization
one prepares for future changes either in occupations, living situations, etc.
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resocialization
one discards odd behavior in favor of new ones to make life change (+ or -)
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mores
widely observed social norms
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folkways
mores that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular context
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sanctions
penalties for misonduct
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deviance
violation of norms, rules, or expectations w/in a society (jay walking or murder)
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stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of group or person based on difference from the rest of the society
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label theory
labels given to people effect how one feels about themselves but how others respond to them (women and driving)
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differential association theory
deviance can occur through interactions with others
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normative conformity
deviance to fit in a group based on fear of rejection
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internalization
changes one's behaviorto fit w/a group, primarily agreeing w/ their idea
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identification
acceptance of others ideas without questioning them
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foot in door technique
small request is made and then another before a large one is requested
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door in face technique
- large request is made but denied, and smaller request is done.
- smaller request is usually the actual request wanted
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low ball technique
will give an initial commitment from an individual but then raise the cost of that commitment
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thats not all
make an offer, before making a decision, they give you more than what was expected
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obedience
changes one's behavior in response to an order from an authority figure
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functional attitudes theory
attitudes serve four functions: knowledge,ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense
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knowledge function of functional attitudes theory
provides organization to thoughts and experiences (consistent/stable)
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ego expression function of functional attitudes theory
communicate and solidify our self identity
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adaptive function of functional attitudes theory
idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attributes are expressed
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ego defense function of functional attitudes theory
protect our self esteem and justify actions we know are wrong
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learning theory
attitudes are developed through diff forms of learning
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elaboration likelihood model
separates individuals based on their processing of persuasive info
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central route processing
deep thinking about info, scrutinize its meaning and purpose, and make conclusions based on this thought
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peripheral route processing
not focusing on what is being said but how the information is being said and by who (superficial items)
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social cognitive theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behavior of others
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gemeinschaft und gesellchaft meaning and meaning of each meaning
- community and society
- c-groups unified by a feeling of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestors, and geography
- s-groups forced b/c working toward the same goal
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role
set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold status
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role performance
carry out behavior associated with a certain role
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role partner
person w/ whom one is interacting
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role set
various roles associated w/status or referred to as
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role strain
difficulty in satisfying multiple requests of one role
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role conflict
difficulty in satisfying multiple roles
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role exit
dumping of one identity for another
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peer group
self selected organization of equals with similar interests, age, and statuses
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family group
determined by birth, adoption, or marriage. Emotional ties amongst group
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ingroups
a group an individual belongs to
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out group
who an individual competes w/ or is opposed to
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reference group
groups that establish terms by which individuals evaluate themselves
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interaction processing analysis
technique for observing, clarifying, and measuring interactions within small groups
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system for multiple level observation of groups
based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interactions
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group conformity
individuals comply with the group and its goals despite it not being what the individual wants for themselves
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group think
members focus on ideas generated within a group
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network
pattern of social relationships among individuals or a group
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characteristic institution
basic organization of society
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bureaucracy
rational system of political organizations, admins, discipline, and control
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iron law of oligarchy
democratic of bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
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mcdonaldization
shift in focus toward efficiency ,predictability, calculability an control in these societies
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5 impression management strategies
- self disclosure
- managing appearances
- ingration
- aligning actions
- alter-casting
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self disclosure impression management strategies
giving info about oneself to establish an identity
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managing experiences impression management strategies
using props, appearance, and associations to create a positive image
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ingratiation impression management strategies
using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
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aligning actions impression management strategies
making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
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altercasting impression management strategies
- imposing an identity onto another person
- (someone calls you a mcat kid and so now you're an mcat kid)
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verbal communication
- spoken language
- written language
- sign language
- braille
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nonverbal communication
- facial expressions
- body language
- gestures
- tone of voice
- eye contact
- personal space
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self presentation
display oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors
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basic model of emotional expression
emotional expression involves a # of components (facial, behaviors, postures, etc.)
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appraisal model
there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced but no cognitive anecdote to emo expressions
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social construction model
no biological basis for emotions based on experiences and situation context
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display rules
control expectations of emotions
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cultural syndrome
shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around the same theme
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authentic self
who the person is +/- attitudes
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ideal self
who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
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tactical self
what we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others expectations of us
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dramaturgical approach
using the metaphor of the theatrical performance to describe how individuals create image of themselves in various situations
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front stage
actor is in front of an audience and perform according to the setting and role in order to give the image he wants others to see
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back stage
when the actor is not observed, he's free to act in ways he wouldnt want others to see him
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communication
ability to convey info by speech, behavior, or signals
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animal communication
any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another
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