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What is Chemistry?
The branch of science that deals with the composition, properties, and change of matter.
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What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
(Composed of one or more elements and not living, but makes up living things.)
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What are elements?
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means.
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What table arranges elements?
The Periodic Table arranges elements.
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How many elements are there?
118
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What are the 4 most abundant elements in the human body?
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
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Why is iron a trace element?
Iron only makes up 0.004% (4 one thousandths) of your body mass, but is essential for survival, even in the smallest amounts.
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1. What is anemia?
2. What are its symptoms?
3. What foods are remedies for anemia?
- 1. Not enough iron in your body.
- 2. Fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, rapid heart rate
- 3. Red meat, spinach
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What is a compound? Examples?
Know the difference between an element and a compound.
- A compound is a substance made up of 2 or more elements that have been combined chemically in a fixed ratio.
- Ex: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl)
- An element is composed of the same type of atoms, where a compound is at least 2 different elements in a fixed ratio.
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What is an atom?
What are an atom's subatomic particles?
- An atom is the smallest particle of an element.
- Subatomic particles are:
- proton (+)
- neutron (neutral)
- electron (-)
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An element's electron number is the same as _____.
number of electrons = number of protons
Positive and Negative forces must balance out.
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How is reactivity determined in atoms?
The variability of electrons (some atoms lose electrons, some gain them).
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What are valence electrons?
The electrons in the outermost shell/energy level of an atom.
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If carbon has 6 electrons, how many valence electrons does it have?
- Carbon has 6 electrons, thus it has 4 in its outer shell (2 in the 1st, 4 in the 2nd).
- Shell Max #electrons
- 1 2
- 2 8
- 3 8
- 4 18
- 5 18
- 6 32
- 7 32
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The ATOMIC NUMBER of an atom is the same number as the _____.
number of protons
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Know 2 major types of bonds: ionic and covalent, and how they join atoms together.
- Ionic bonds transfer electrons from one atom to another atom.
- In Covalent bonds, two atoms share electrons.
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Which bond does water have between its 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom?
Water is a covalent bond because the 2 hydrogens share their electrons with the oxygen atom.
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Identify reactants and products in an equation. (Which side of yield arrow sign are each?)
Reactants (starting materials) ⇒ Products (ending materials)
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Water is a polar molecule. What does this mean?
Opposite ends have opposite electric charges.
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Be able to draw water with its charges and correct name of atoms.
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Know how water goes up a tree using cohesion and adhesion.
- Cohesion (molecules of the same kind stick to one another) keeps water molecules together as they move up towards evaporation in the leaves.
- Adhesion (molecules of different kinds bind to one another) of the water molecules to the sides of the tree's inner tubes transports to keep gravity from pulling them down.
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Acids have lots of _____ ions and bases have lots of _____ ions in them.
- Acids = lots of H+ ions
- Bases = lots of OH- ions
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Be able to balance an equation.
 - ___Al + ___O2 ⇒ ___Al2O34Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
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Know the pH scale.
Which side is increasing acidity and which side is increasing alkalinity (basic)?
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