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In a ________ model, the underlying assumption is that a single true effect size underlies all study results and that observed estimates vary only as a function of chance.
fixed effects
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A _______ model assumes that each study estimates different, yet related, true effects and that the various effects are normally distributed around a mean effect size value.
random effects
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________ involve splitting the effect size information from studies into distinct categorical groups (ex: gender).
subgroup analyses
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In a systematic review, reviewers use methodocial procedures that are ______ and ______.
reproducible and verifiable
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In a _______, reviewers use a common metric for combing evidence statistically.
meta-analysis
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Three advantages of meta-analyses.
- objectivity
- precision
- power
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The probability of detecting a true relationship b/w variables.
power (advantage to meta-analysis)
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Estimates of effect size across most studies yield smaller CI's than individual studies. How does this affect precision?
It is enhanced
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A means of refining the specific question for the systematic review.
Scoping review
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The preliminary investigation that clarifies the range and nature of the evidence base.
scoping review
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A ______ review addresses broad questions and uses flexible procedures.
scoping
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The inverse variance method uses the inverse of the variance of the __________ as weight.
effect size estimate
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_______ across studies may rule out the possibility that a meta-analysis can be done
heterogeneity
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How can visual inspection of heterogeneity be accomplished?
by constructing a forest plot
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A random effects meta-analysis incorporates heterogeneity into the analysis, but is intended primarily to address what?
variation that cannot be explained
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________ analyses involve splitting the effect size information from studies into distinct categorical groups (ex: gender).
subgroup
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What might be appropriate when variables thought to influence study heterogeneity are continuous or there is a mix of continuous and categorical factors?
meta-regression
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_______ involves predicting the effect size based on possible explanatory factors.
meta-regression
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What is the most usual way to examine the possibility of publication bias among studies in the meta-analysis?
construct a funnel plot
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In a _____, effects from individual studies are plotted on the horizontal axis and precision is plotted on the vertical axis.
funnel plot
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A strategy for addressing publication bias in meta-analysis.
compute a fail-safe number
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What estimates the number of studies reporting nonsig results that would be needed to reverse the conclusion of a significant effect in a meta-analysis?
fail-safe number
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Involves carefully peeling away the surface layers of studies to find their hearts and souls in a way that does the least damage to them.
Metasynthesis
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Noble & Hare's methods of integration are called _________.
meta-ethnography.
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A meta-ethnography should be _____ and not ___ and should focus on constructing ____ rather than _______.
- interpretive
- aggregative
- interpretations
- analyses
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What is the Paterson, Thorne, Canam, and Jillings method of metasynthesis?
Metastudy
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Metastudy's 3 components.
- meta-data analysis
- metamethod
- methatheory
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The study of results of reported research in a specific substantive area of investigation by means of analyzing the processed data.
Metadata analysis
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The study of the methodologic rigor of the studies included in the metasynthesis.
Metamethod
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The analysis of the theoretical underpinnings on which the studies are grounded.
Metatheory
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Indicates the magnitude of the findings.
Frequency effect size
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Number of reports with unduplicated info that contain a given finding, divided by all unduplicated reports.
Frequency effect size
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Indicates the concentration of findings within each report.
intensity effect size
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Calculated by dividing the number of different findings in a given report, divided by the total number of findings in all reports.
intensity effect size
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__________ reviews use disciplined and auditable procedures to integrate and synthesize findings from qual, quant, and mixed methods.
systematic mixed studies
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Three designs of systematic mixed studies reviews.
- segregated
- integrated
- contigent
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Two common effect size indexes in nursing.
- d (standardized mean difference)
- odds ration
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Effects from individual studies are pooled to yield an estimate of the population effect size by calculating a _______ of effects, often using the _________ as the weight.
- weighted average
- inverse variance
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The two reporting guidelines - one for RCTs, one for meta-analyses of observational studies.
- PRISMA (RCT)
- MOOSE (observational)
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_________ involve a discovery of essential features of a body of findings and a transformation that yields new insights and interpretations.
Metasyntheses
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