A) characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of
Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive
A) personality.
Prior to his use of free association, Freud had encouraged patients to retrieve their forgotten memories by means of
D) hypnosis.
Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts
underlying his patients' symptoms?
D) free association
Freud emphasized that effective treatment of psychological disorders involves the
B) exploration of repressed memories.
In suggesting that the mind is mostly hidden, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the
B) unconscious.
Freud believed that our repressed impulses express themselves in
A) all of these forms.
Julie reported that she had a dream in which she was chased by a large dog. According to Freud, Julie's account
represents the ________ content of her dream.
A) manifest
According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by
A) the id.
Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle.
C) reality
The superego is the part of personality that
D) generates feelings of guilt.
According to Freud's theory, the ego
D) is the executive part of personality.
Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various
A) psychosexual stages.
According to Freud, the most important erogenous zone during earliest infancy consists of the
C) mouth.
Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through
B) a latency stage before they enter a genital stage.
A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called
A) the Oedipus complex.
According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage.
A) phallic
Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of
A) defense mechanisms.
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is
A) repression.
Although Camile has detailed memories of her early school years, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who
abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the
defense mechanism of
D) repression.
For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and
suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of
C) regression.
Projection refers to the process by which people
B) disguise unacceptable, unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
Displacement refers to the process by which people
C) redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets.
Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of
C) displacement.
Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of
D) denial
According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious
A) contains images derived from our species' universal experiences.
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests.
D) projective
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the
D) Rorschach test.
Which of the following Freudian ideas is most clearly contradicted by contemporary psychological theory and research?
B) Painful experiences are commonly repressed.
Which of the following Freudian ideas is most consistent with contemporary psychological research findings?
C) Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own minds is very limited.
Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable
predictions?
B) psychoanalytic theory
Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?
B) humanistic
According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for
A) self-actualization.
According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and
A) empathetic.
In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between
B) ideal self and actual self.
Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?
B) humanistic theorists
Which theorists have been criticized for underestimating the human predisposition to engage in destructive and evil behaviors?
B) humanistic theorists
Kelsey is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a
A) trait.
To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used
C) factor analysis.
Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality.
D) temperament
In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of
A) the Barnum effect.
The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
C) trait dimensions.
Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most descriptive of an individual who is organized and disciplined
in managing his or her work?
B) conscientiousness
Trait theorists have been criticized for
D) overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another.
Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the “system” is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates
D) an external locus of control.
Compared with those who perceive an internal locus of control, individuals with an external locus of control are
A) more likely to feel depressed and less likely to delay gratification.
Veena gets poor grades no matter how hard she studies, so she has simply given up studying. Veena's behavior most clearly reflects
B) learned helplessness.
After picking one of 28 flavors of ice cream, people may regret bypassing some of the remaining flavors. Their regret best illustrates a consequence of
B) the tyranny of choice.
Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as
B) optimism.
Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
A) the self
Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of
D) possible selves.
Self-esteem refers to
B) our feelings of high or low self-worth.
People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to
B) succumb to conformity pressures.
The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates
C) self-serving bias.
People typically ________ the commonality of their foibles and they typically ________ the commonality of their strengths.
D) underestimate; overestimate
Research participants were most likely to react aggressively to criticism of their written essays if they experienced ________ self-esteem.
A) unrealistically high.
Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with
C) narcissism.
Psychiatrists and psychologists are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is
D) personally distressful.
Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as
D) dysfunctional.
Matt is restless and often jumps out of his seat or interferes with ongoing class activities in response to the sound of outside traffic. Matt most clearly exhibits symptoms of
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has indicated that the development of ADHD is a consequence of
D) genetic influences.
The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as the
C) medical model.
A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize
D) the similarities between substance abuse disorders and personality disorders.
Today's psychologists assume that disordered behavior is influenced by
D) all of these factors.
Using DSM-IV-TR guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-IV-TR is
C) reliable.
If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates the dangers of
C) self-fulfilling prophecies.
Anxiety is considered disordered if it is
A) persistent and distressing.
In which of the following disorders is a person continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal?
A) generalized anxiety disorder
Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations are most characteristic of
C) panic disorder.
Phobias are most likely to be characterized by
D) a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions. Manuel appears to suffer from
A) social phobia.
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions is called
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Ravi brushes his teeth 18 times a day. Each time, he uses exactly 83 strokes up and 83 strokes down. After he eats, he must brush twice with two different brands of toothpaste. Ravi suffers from
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) hypochondriasis.
D) bipolar disorder.
A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Compulsions are best described as
C) repetitive behaviors.
A post-traumatic stress disorder is considered to be a(n) ________ disorder.
C) anxiety
Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to
B) increased personal strength
Dogs come to fear neutral stimuli associated with shock. This best illustrates
A) classical conditioning
It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.
B) biological
Saul frequently feels like he has a lump in his throat that makes it difficult for him to speak or swallow. Medical examinations, however, indicate that there is no apparent physical cause for these symptoms. Saul appears to be suffering from a
B) somatoform disorder.
During a stressful military battle, Fong suddenly went blind. When hypnotized by an army psychiatrist, his blindness vanished. Fong apparently suffered from a
C) conversion disorder.
Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by
D) disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.
Midori's therapist suggests that she developed a dissociative identity disorder as a way of protecting herself from an awareness of her own hatred for her abusive mother. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.
B) psychoanalytic
Which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder?
D) bipolar disorder
The number one reason people seek mental health services is
A) agoraphobia.
B) schizophrenia.
C) depression.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) depression.
Mania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering
D) bipolar disorder.
After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of
D) bipolar disorder.
Learned helplessness is most closely associated with
B) depression.
Self-blaming attributions are most likely to be associated with
B) depression
Which group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate
emotions and actions?
D) schizophrenia
Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was
putting poison in the employees' coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson
of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from
D) schizophrenia.
Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________.
B) hallucination; delusion
One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes
C) hallucinations.
Of all the twins who share identical genes with a schizophrenia victim, about ________ do not themselves develop schizophrenia.
C) one-half
Personality disorders are best described as
B) inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ________ disorder.
D) antisocial personality
The surging rates of violent crime in Western nations during the past 40 years or so are best understood in terms of
A) a biopsychosocial approach.
A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a
B) psychotherapist.
Schizophrenia is a disorder that is MOST likely to be treated with
D) cognitive therapies.
As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association. Dr. Cioffi's therapeutic approach would best be described as
A) eclectic.
Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
D) psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients
C) become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses.
Free association involves the
D) uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.
According to Freud, a patient's hesitation to free associate is most likely a sign of
A) resistance.
Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote
C) insight
The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with
D) psychoanalysis
The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as
C) transference.
Interpersonal therapy focuses primarily on helping people to
D) improve their relationship skills.
The psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as
C) insight therapies.
Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?
A) client-centered therapy
Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional positive regard?
D) client-centered therapy
Client-centered therapists are most likely to
D) restate and seek further clarification of what clients say during the course of therapy.
O. H. Mowrer trained children to discontinue bed-wetting by arranging for an alarm to sound each time they wet their
beds. This technique best illustrates a therapeutic application of
D) classical conditioning.
Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of
D) phobias.
Aversive conditioning involves
D) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or
spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates
an application of
A) operant conditioning.
Proponents of ________ have argued that maintaining appropriate patient behaviors with positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment.
D) token economies
Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapists.
A) cognitive
Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.
C) cognitive
Jenna is afraid of speaking to a large audience. Her therapist suggests that prior to a speaking engagement she should reassure herself with comments like, “Cheer up, Jenna. You know what you're talking about and your topic is really interesting!” This approach to reducing Jenna's fear most clearly illustrates
C) stress inoculation training.
A useful feature of group therapy is that it
B) encourages clients to improve their communication skills.
Many self-help groups have emulated the use of ________ by Alcoholics Anonymous.
A) a 12-step program
Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients
B) often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy.
Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because
C) clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy.
The beneficial consequence of a person's expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic is known as
C) the placebo effect.
Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events?
A) the placebo effect
B) systematic desensitization
C) regression toward the mean
D) progressive relaxation
C) regression toward the mean
Although Soren once scored 37 points during a single high school basketball game, he was subsequently unable to beat
or match this record no matter how hard he tried. His experience may be at least partially explained in terms of
C) regression toward the mean.
Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies?
C) meta-analysis
Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that
C) no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others.
Increasingly, insurer and government support for mental health services requires
D) evidence-based practice.
Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?
A) light exposure therapy
Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are
A) hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship.
Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates
C) the therapeutic alliance.
Which therapeutic specialists are most likely to have received a Ph.D. degree in psychology?
D) clinical psychologists
A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a
A) clinical psychologist.
B) behavioral neuroscientist.
C) cognitive therapist.
D) psychiatrist.
D) psychiatrist.
The study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior is called
D) psychopharmacology
The double-blind technique involves
A) the avoidance of eye contact between patient and therapist during free association.
B) a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a
placebo.
C) the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic treatments in the hope that at least one will be effective.
D) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response.
B) a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo.
Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of
C) schizophrenia.
Long-term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as
A) tardive dyskinesia.
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms following the discontinued use of an antianxiety drug are indicative of
C) physiological dependence.
Lithium has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of
A) anxiety disorders.
B) schizophrenia.
C) dissociative disorders.
D) bipolar disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.
Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients?
B) electroconvulsive therapy
Using implanted electrodes to inhibit activity in an area of the cortex that triggers negative emotions is called
C) deep-brain stimulation.
Though not performed today, lobotomies provide a historical example of
B) psychosurgery.
Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain is called
B) a lobotomy.
Antidepressant drugs, a fresh perspective on his problems, and a strong therapeutic alliance all contributed to helping David recover from a major depressive disorder. An integrated understanding of David's recovery process is best provided by
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
D) think about, influence, and relate to
Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates
A) a situational attribution.
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
B) the fundamental attribution error.
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior
B) reflected her personal disposition.
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
D) situational attributions
Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called
C) attitudes.
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
D) the peripheral route to persuasion.
Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we
C) can easily recall our attitudes.
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of
A) actions on attitudes.
The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
B) were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.
If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
B) the chameleon effect.
The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of
B) suggestibility.
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
C) conformity.
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
C) informational social influence.
When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they
A) did not regret taking part in the experiment.
In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the
demands of the ______.
D) “learner”; experimenter
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
B) social facilitation.
Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of ________ tasks.
C) simple
The presence of others ________ a person's performance on well-learned tasks and ________ a person's performance on unmastered tasks.
A) improves; hinders
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
A) social loafing.
Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.
A) anonymity; social loafing
C) anonymity; groupthink
B) self-awareness; deindividuation
D) self-awareness; social facilitation
B) self-awareness; deindividuation
Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to
D) deindividuation.
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing on line with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
D) group polarization.
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?
B) “We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue.”
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
B) prejudice.
The three components of prejudice are
D) beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
B) stereotypes.
People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of
A) reciprocity norms.
B) subordinate goals.
C) social traps.
D) implicit attitudes.
D) implicit attitudes.
Explicit attitudes are typically ________, whereas implicit attitudes are often ________.
B) conscious; unconscious
Politicians who suggest that Blacks are at fault for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group best illustrate
C) victim blaming.
Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
C) ingroup bias.
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate
D) ingroup bias.
Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of
C) scapegoat theory.
White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates
C) the other-race effect.
Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of
D) aggression.
A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates
D) aggression.
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.
A) frontal lobes
Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)
B) learned response.
After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be
C) more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.
Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to
B) get into more arguments and fights.
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
C) the mere exposure effect.
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.
C) proximity
Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their
B) physical appearance.
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
C) babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of
C) a reward theory.
The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by
B) physical arousal.
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
A) companionate love.
Altruism is best described as
D) behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will
B) fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
A) the bystander effect.
Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
B) social exchange theory
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from
A) the reciprocity norm.
After a yearlong drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of
D) social traps.
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of
D) face-to-face contact.
In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates
A) mirror-image perceptions.
After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of
B) superordinate goals.
Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
B) win-win solutions.
A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of
