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Mawad
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What are the normal functions of the cerebellum? (3)
rate/range of motion, inhibitory function, input to vestibular system
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Clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease are related to loss of...
control of rate and range of motion.
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Clinical signs associated with cerebellar disease. (7)
tremors, cerebellar ataxia, truncal sway, hypermetria, wide-based stance, absent menace, +/- vestibular signs
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What signs ARE NOT associated with purely cerebellar disease? (2)
proprioceptive deficits, paresis/weakness
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What can cause cerebellar hypoplasia in cats?
panleukopenia virus (parvovirus) in utero or in the immediate post-natal period
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How does panleukopenia cause cerebellar hypoplasia?
destroys the external granular layer of the developing cerebellum
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What is the progression and prognosis for feline cerebellar hypoplasia?
non-progressive (doesn't get worse with time) prognosis is good for quality of life (won't regain function)
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What viruses can cause cerebellar hypoplasia? (5)
pankleukopenia/parvo virus, BVDv, CDV, CHV (canine herpes), FIP
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How does FIP involve the brain/cerebellum? (3)
[dry FIP] causes inflammation of the choroid plexus in the fourth ventricle (close association with cerebellum), granuloma formation, obstruction of CSF flow
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What 2 protozoal infections have a predilection for the cerebellum?
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum
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What is Dandy- Walker syndrome?
congenital malformation or the cerebellum seen in puppies, with absence/hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
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What clinical signs are associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome? (3)
cerebellar ataxia, tremors, absent menace
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What primary brain tumors have a predilection for the cerebellum? (3)
choroid plexus tumors (compress cerebellum b/c of proximity), medulloblastomas, epidermoid/dermoid cysts
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Primitive neuroectodermal tumors that arise from cells present only during embryonic development of the cerebellum.
medulloblastoma
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How do medulloblastomas progress to affect arts of the brain other than the cerebellum?
compression of 4th ventricle and obstructive hydrocephalus
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How do epidermoid/dermoid cysts in the cerebellum arise?
embryological invaginations of neuroectoderm, causing skin to become "trapped" in the neural tube
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Describe the onset of epidermoid/dermoid cysts.
present at birth, but don't show signs until later in life (~4.5 years)
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A vascular event that affects the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum will lead to _____________.
paradoxical vestibular syndrome
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What is Chiara-like malformation and syrinomyelia (CM/SM)?
caudal occipital malformation syndrome and congenital hypoplasia of the supraoccipital bone, leading to a smaller caudal fossa and cerebellar indentation and herniation
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Development of fluid-containing cavities within the spinal cord parenchyma, primarily in the dorsal gray horn.
syringomyelia
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What are clinical signs of CM/SM? (5)
hyperesthia, phantom scratching, scoliosis, tetraparesis, proprioceptive ataxia
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Clinical signs associated with CM/SM are due to ____________, and __________ signs are almost never present.
syringomyelia; cerebellar
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What are the 2 most commonly affected breeds with CM/SM?
cavalier king charles spaniel, Buxelles griffons
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Describe medical management of CM/SM. (2)
pain management (gabapentin, pregabalin, NSAIDs), decrease CSF production (Omeprazole, Furosemide)
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What is the prognosis of CM/SM?
- medical management- improves quality of life, but does not stop progression
- surgical management- temporary relief of clinical signs (cervical pain), almost 50% recur
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Describe surgical management of CM/SM. (1)
suboccipital craniectomy
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