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How do you demonstrate hereditary defects in a bloodline?
you must prove that offspring in multiple generations have the same/related defects (congenital defects may be the result of an infection or toxin exposure during gestation--> only one generation involved)
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When are canine and feline kidneys fully developed?
continue to develop for at least one month postnatally
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What are possible abnormalities of ureters. (5)
abnormalities in location (retro- and circumcaval, ectopic), ureterolithiasis, hydroureter, ureteritis, rarely neoplasia
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Describe an ectopic ureter.
ureter enters bladder at the incorrect location (ie. too caudally, directly into urethra)
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What lesions can occur involving the urinary bladder? (4)
persistent urachus (developmental), cystitis, urolithiasis, neoplasia
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Predisposing factors for cystitis. (7)
incomplete voiding, urine stasis, cystic calculi, short urethra in females, composition of urine (glucose, alkaline, low USG), patent urachus, bladder diverticula
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What are protective factors against cystitis? (6)
shedding urothelium, urine flow, low urine pH, highly conc urine, secretory IgA, mucin
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What are the most common bacterial causes of cystitis? (7)
E. coli***, Staph, Strep, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
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What is a cattle-specific urinary bacterial pathogen?
Corynebacterium renale
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What is a swine-specific urinary bacterial pathogen?
Actinobaculum suis
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What is a systemic disease of cattle that causes cystitis?
Malignant catarrhal fever
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___________ causes Cantharadin toxicity and cystitis in horses.
Blister beetle
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What is almost always associated with emphysematous cystitis?
glucosuria and Clostridium
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What toxin can cause bladder tumors in bovines?
bracken fern
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Describe enzootic hematuria in cattle.
urothelial carcinoma and hemangiomas due to chronic ingestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum compound is carcinogenic)
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What are some non-neoplastic masses that can be in the bladder? (4)
polyploid cystitis, emphysematous cystitis, granulomas, abscesses
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Retention of solutes that would normally be excreted by the kidneys.
uremia
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Clinical signs of uremia. (6)
breath smells like ammonia, inappetence, vomiting, lingual ulcers, diarrhea, dyspnea/cough (if substances go to lung)
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What is seen on histopath with uremia?
vasculitis everywhere
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What is uremic pneumonitis characterized by? (3)
high protein fluid pulmonary edema, hyaline membranes, and mild inflammation
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What lesion is pathognomonic for uremia?
mineralization of intercostal muscles
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