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What are the functions of the brainstem? (5)
ascending reticular activating system, cranial nerve function (nuclei), UMN extrapyramidal system, medullary cardiovascular centers, medullary respiratory center
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What clinical signs are associated with brainstem disease? (5)
decreased consciousness, cranial nerve deficits, paresis, ipsilateral postural reaction deficits, abnormalities in HR/RR/BP
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What CN is most commonly affected with brainstem disease?
CN VIII
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What etiologies (general differentials) are most common for brainstem disease? (3)
infectious/inflammatory, vascular, neoplasia
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What is the most common cause of encephalitis in dogs?
idiopathic immune-mediated
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What is the most common cause of encephalitis in cats?
infectious (dry FIP, FIV, FeLV)
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What are the 3 syndromes of immune-mediated encephalitis in dogs?
granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME)
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What dogs are usually affected by GME?
young to middle-aged
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Describe the localization of inflammation with GME. (2)
inflammation centered around vessels, predominantly in white matter and meninges
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What are the 3 forms of GME in dogs?
focal, disseminated, ocular
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Describe CSF findings with GME. (2)
mononuclear pleocytosis, +/- elevated protein (abnormal BBB, vasculitis)
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What dogs are predisposed to NME?
young pugs
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Describe the localization of NME inflammation.
grey-white matter junction
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Describe CSF findings with NME. (1)
lymphocytic pleocytosis (small mononuclear)
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Describe the histopath findings with NME. (5)
lymphocytic inflammation of gray and white matter, widespread meningeal inflammation, malacia, necrosis, cavitation
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With NLE, there is minimal ____________ involvement; therefore,...
meningeal; CSF tap is usually normal.
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NLE primarily affects _________.
Yorkies
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What structures are involved in NLE? (2)
deep white matter structures (brainstem and cerebrum)
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Where are the predominant abnormalities with NME?
forebrain
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Describe the histopath findings with NLE. (5)
cavitation, necrotic axons, gliosis, gitter cells, minimal/no meningeal involvement
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Describe treatment of immune-mediated encephalitis in dogs.
immunosuppressive prednisone and another immunosuppressant (taper steroid as signs improve)
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Describe the onset of vascular events. (3)
acute onset, non-progressive, rapidly improving
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Are meningiomas malignant?
not usually- locally invasive but RARELY metastasize
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What breeds of dog have a predilection for gliomas?
brachycephalic dogs
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Characterize the location of gliomas.
intraparenchymal
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Most common tumor to metastasize to brain.
hemangiosarcoma
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