ClinNeuro- Brainstem Dysfunction

  1. What are the functions of the brainstem? (5)
    ascending reticular activating system, cranial nerve function (nuclei), UMN extrapyramidal system, medullary cardiovascular centers, medullary respiratory center
  2. What clinical signs are associated with brainstem disease? (5)
    decreased consciousness, cranial nerve deficits, paresis, ipsilateral postural reaction deficits, abnormalities in HR/RR/BP
  3. What CN is most commonly affected with brainstem disease?
    CN VIII
  4. What etiologies (general differentials) are most common for brainstem disease? (3)
    infectious/inflammatory, vascular, neoplasia
  5. What is the most common cause of encephalitis in dogs?
    idiopathic immune-mediated
  6. What is the most common cause of encephalitis in cats?
    infectious (dry FIP, FIV, FeLV)
  7. What are the 3 syndromes of immune-mediated encephalitis in dogs?
    granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME)
  8. What dogs are usually affected by GME?
    young to middle-aged
  9. Describe the localization of inflammation with GME. (2)
    inflammation centered around vessels, predominantly in white matter and meninges
  10. What are the 3 forms of GME in dogs?
    focal, disseminated, ocular
  11. Describe CSF findings with GME. (2)
    mononuclear pleocytosis, +/- elevated protein (abnormal BBB, vasculitis)
  12. What dogs are predisposed to NME?
    young pugs
  13. Describe the localization of NME inflammation.
    grey-white matter junction
  14. Describe CSF findings with NME. (1)
    lymphocytic pleocytosis (small mononuclear)
  15. Describe the histopath findings with NME. (5)
    lymphocytic inflammation of gray and white matter, widespread meningeal inflammation, malacia, necrosis, cavitation
  16. With NLE, there is minimal ____________ involvement; therefore,...
    meningeal; CSF tap is usually normal.
  17. NLE primarily affects _________.
    Yorkies
  18. What structures are involved in NLE? (2)
    deep white matter structures (brainstem and cerebrum)
  19. Where are the predominant abnormalities with NME?
    forebrain
  20. Describe the histopath findings with NLE. (5)
    cavitation, necrotic axons, gliosis, gitter cells, minimal/no meningeal involvement
  21. Describe treatment of immune-mediated encephalitis in dogs.
    immunosuppressive prednisone and another immunosuppressant (taper steroid as signs improve)
  22. Describe the onset of vascular events. (3)
    acute onset, non-progressive, rapidly improving
  23. Are meningiomas malignant?
    not usually- locally invasive but RARELY metastasize
  24. What breeds of dog have a predilection for gliomas?
    brachycephalic dogs
  25. Characterize the location of gliomas.
    intraparenchymal
  26. Most common tumor to metastasize to brain.
    hemangiosarcoma
Author
Mawad
ID
312465
Card Set
ClinNeuro- Brainstem Dysfunction
Description
vetmed clinneuro
Updated