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Infancy (birth–1 year)
If basic needs are met, infants develop a sense of trust. If these needs are not adequately satisfied, infants develop a mistrust of others.
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Toddlerhood (1–2 years)
If toddlers can control their own actions and act independently, they develop a sense of autonomy. If they fail, they experience shame and doubt their own abilities.
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Preschool (3–5 years)
If preschoolers can get what they want while acting responsibly, they develop a sense of initiative. If their impulses are not kept in check by a sense of guilt, they become undisciplined. If they are made to feel overly guilty, this will inhibit their initiative
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Elementary school (6–12 years)
If children master the knowledge and skills necessary for adult life, they develop a sense of competence. If they are unable to achieve competence, they feel inferior and develop low self-esteem
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Adolescence (13–18 years)
Teenagers struggle to develop a sense of identity by experimenting with different roles and integrating them into a single identity. If they fail to develop their own personal identity, they become confused about who they are
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Young adulthood (19–45 years)
If young adults successfully develop close relationships, they gain a sense of intimacy. If they are unable to develop such relationships, they feel socially isolated
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Middle adulthood (46–65 years)
If the middle-aged believe that they are contributing to the world and the next generation, they develop a sense of generativity. If they fail to do so, they experience a sense of stagnation
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Late adulthood (66 years and up)
If the elderly have successfully managed the previous crises in their lives, they feel a sense of integrity. If they regret many of their life choices, they feel a sense of despair
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Aging
is the progressive deterioration of the body that culminates in death
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menopause
the ending of menstruation
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Fluid Intelligence
Capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
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Crystallized Intelligence
Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime
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Kübler Ross
5-stage theory about how people cope with their impending death
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