Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____.
B) characteristics of all vertebrate animals
Where in the body would you most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice? (chapter 40)
A) lining glandular tissue of the thyroid and salivary glands
(These glands, as well as the tubules of the kidney are lined with cuboidal epithelium)
What conditions are responsible for the stimulation of the JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)? (chapter 44)
E) a decrease in the blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole
(JGA activation results in the release of renin, which converts angiotensinogen to its active form. Angiotensin II then increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction and increased sodium reabsorption.)
In most animals, food is digested by _____, _____ are absorbed by body cells, and most energy-containing molecules are used to generate ____. (chapter 40)
D) enzymatic hydrolysis... nutrients... ATP
Which of the following is a description of a behavior that helps warm the body ?
A) a falcon migrates from San Francisco to Brazil for the winter
When a jogger starts to run, the rate at which his muscles produce CO2 rises sharply. But the CO2 in his blood rises only slightly before he starts to breathe faster and his heart starts beating stronger. Soon his increased rate of CO2 production is balanced by an increased rate of CO2 removal. This would be an example of _____ feedback because the jogger's circulatory and respiratory systems are _____.
A) negative.. acting to oppose the increase of CO2 from the set point or normal range
(In negative feedback, a change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to decrease the deviation from the set point or normal range)
A neuron consists of many components. Name three
D) cell body, dendrites, and axon
Which of the following animals would you expect to consume food at the highest rate (kilograms of food per kilogram of body weight per day)?
A0 shrew
B) dog
C) elephants
D) human
E)sheep
A) shrew
(Metabolic rates are highest for small organisms and during intense physical activity.)
Ligaments are a type of ______
C) fibrous connective tissue
(Both ligaments and tendons are fibrous connective tissue made of densely packed, nonelastic collagen fibers; they are strong and flexible.)
It is a cold day in the lecture hall. When you rest your arm on the cool laminated desktop at your seat, heat is transferred _____.
B) from your body to the desk by conduction
(Conduction is the direct transfer of heat between molecules of the environment and those of the bod surface. Heat is always conducted from a body of higher temp. to one of lower temp.)
The ____ system and the _____ system work together to coordinate and control physiological processes in most animals.
E) nervous... endocrine
Bone-forming cells are called ______.
C) osteoblasts
Cells that secrete the proteins that make cartilage strong yet flexible are called____.
D) chondrocytes
(Chondroitin sulfate and collagen are secreted by chondrocytes, calls confined to scattered spaces in the matrix called lacunae.)
The term endotherm refers specifically to ____.
A) an animal that gets most of its body heat from its metabolism
By definition, an ectotherm___.
E) obtains most of its heat from its environment
Which of the following tissues bind and support other tissues in the body?
D) connective tissues
Sweating _____.
A) helps the body thermoregulate
What kind of feedback most directly maintains homeostasis?
A) negative, because it tends to keep a system at a desirable set point or normal range
In the late fall, bats hibernate in clusters with many bats pressed together and holding on to one another. Which of the following statements does NOT represent an advantage of this behavior?
B) huddling behavior helps bats stay warm while they feed
During the night, the dormouse forages and eats, but during the day, its body temp and heart rate drop significantly, This is an example of what physiological process?
D) torpor
(is a physiological state in which metabolism is slowed temporarily; the decrease in heart rate and body temp each day in the dormouse)
Most cells at microscopic because at this small size_____
A) the ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized
(Cells obtain all of their nutrients and gases across the plasma membranes. Because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area, large cells are limited by the area available for diffusion)
Complete the following word association: Albatross is to organism as intestine is to _____
A) organ
Which of the following are types of cells found in epithelial tissues?
A) squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells
The wolf, his coat glowing in the early spring sunshine, sat atop a cold boulder after unsuccessfully pursuing a plump jackrabbit. He continued to pant while ______.
Heat radiated from his tired body
Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in blood levels of the hormone___.
Insulin
(facilitates the entry of glucose into a wide variety of body cells and quickly removes glucose from the blood)
The fat-soluble vitamins include___.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Acid chyme _____.
Contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphincter
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Ingestion is the act of eating
Which of the following statements about nutrition and digestion is true?
B) During absorption small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed
The natural antacid that protects the intestines against stomach acid is produced by the ___.
Pancreas
(produces several hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that offsets the acidity of chyme from the stomach)
IN general B vitamins function in your body as ______.
Coenzymes
(Vitamins are organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts and often function as coenzymes in key metabolic processes.
_______ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, as parts of certain enzymes, for normal muscle and nerve function and for water balance.
Minerals
(are also necessary for some hormones, for oxygen transport and in nucleic acids and ATP)
Which of the following is an adaptation to a carnivorous diet?
A) sharp, pointed teeth
Which of the following animals uses only intracellular digestion?
E) sponge
(have no digestive tract. Sponges digest their food entirely through intracellular mechanisms)
Which of the following processes, structures, or conditions are properly matched?
E) acid chyme back/flow... heartburn
Which of the following is acquired outside of an animal's diet?
A) oxygen
Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attack proteins to break them down into smaller partied molecules. Which of the following statements about this enzyme is true?
B) Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as basic secretions from the pancreas neutralize the pH
Despite long days grazing on tall grasses, several of the cattle released into a new pasture have oddly shaped or broken legs and often lay down. these cattle might suffering from _______.
Phosphorus deficiency (Phosphorus is a key mineral in the proper formation of bones, and phosphorus deficiency also leads to weakness.)
A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context the word essential means_______.
That the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body. (Essential nutrients are materials that must be obtained in reassembled form because animal's cells cannot make them from raw materials)
Which of the following might make the most effective anti-ulcer medication?
B) chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach
(most gastric ulcers result from damage to the stomach lining caused by the acid-tolerant bacterium Helicobacter pylori)
How would you expect the digestive system of a hawk to compare with that of a seed-eating sparrow?
The sparrow's digestive system would be longer.
(Plant material is more difficult to digest than animal tissues, so herbivores typically have longer digestive systems than carnivores)
During some types of antibiotic treatments, patients often experience diarrhea because ___.
The bacterial flora of the large intestine that normally break down undigested organic material are killed by the antibiotics
(Normally as bacteria digest and assimilate previously undigested organic molecules, the osmotic pressure within the large intestine is reduced, favoring water reabsorption)
Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because ______.
the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used to emulsify fats.
(made continuously by the liver and stored by the gallbladder, large amounts of bile can be delivered when fatty chyme is present.)
In vertebrates food is moved along the length of the digestive system by _____.
Peristalsis
(are rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal, pushes food along the tract).
Gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish is maximized by which of the following?
D) countercurrent exchange
( the orientation of capillaries in the gills of bony fish is such that the direction of blood flow is opposite to the direction of water passing over the gills, facilitating efficient gas exchange)
A patient with which of the following conditions would probably benefit by injections of purified multipoint stem cells?
B) all of the listed responses
All known birds and mammals have ____.
A) a double circulatory system and a 4 chambered heart
What is the physiological cause of a heart attack?
A blood clot lodging in a blood vessel supplying the heart
Which of the following decreases blood pressure?
A) vasodilation
(is the increase in diameter of blood vessels, which would lower blood pressure)
Heart valves function to _____.
Keep blood moving forward through the heart
(the valves prevent back flow, blood movement is restricted to one direction)
What would you expect to seen in an individual with low levels of blood protein in the capillaries?
edema in the body tissues
(lack of sufficient proteins in the capillaries will decrease the osmotic pressure, resulting in an accumulation of fluid in the body tissues)
Blood leaves the inferior vena cava and flows directly into the ____.
right atrium
(the inferior vena cava is the major vein carrying blood from the capillaries of the lower body into the heart via the right intake chamber the atrium)
Which chambers of a human heart receive and pump oxygenated blood?
The left ventricle and left atrium
( the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs pumps it into the aorta for further distribution to the body)
Which type of epithelial tissue would you suppose covers the gills of axolotls?
simple squamous epithelium
(simple means "one-cell thick" and squamous means "flat cell". A respiratory surface needs to be thin, moist epithelium)
Which of the following components of the mammalian gas exchange system has a surface covered by a thin film without cilia?
alveoli
(the tiniest bronchioles dead end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, which have a very thin epithelium and no cilia)
When you hold you breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breath again?
A) falling oxygen concentration
B) falling carbon dioxide concentration
C) none of the listed responses is correct
D) rising carbon dioxide concentration
E) rising oxygen concentration
rising carbon dioxide concentration
(The breathing control centers in the brain indirectly monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood through its effect on pH in CSF)
What is atherosclerosis?
hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits
(one of the leading causes of heart attacks)
Function of the pulmonary circuit in a dog is to ______.
Carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs
(as blood flows through the capillary beds in the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released into the lungs)
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximal inhalation is called____.
Vital capacity
(is the amount of air a person can exhale after maximal inhalation)
Which structure in a human is most similar in function to the gill lamellae of a fish?
alveoli
(In a fish the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at the gill lamellae; these events occur at the alveoli in the human lung)
What is the correct order of structures through which air passes as it is inhaled by a typical mammal
(air enters through the nostrils and nasal cavity, and pass through the pharynx and the larynx. from there the air passes into the trachea and into thro bronchi. Each bronchus branches reputedly into bronchioles, which eventually terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
What causes CO2 in the blood to decrease?
hyperventilation
(removes CO2)
Pressure is greatest in the ventricles when ____
The ventricles contract
The SA node generates an electrical impulse from its location in ______.
The right atrium, causing atrial contraction
(the senatorial node is located in the wall of the right atrium)
What is the major reason that land-dwelling mammals evolved lungs rather than gills as a primary respiratory organ?
Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from desiccation is difficult in terrestrial environments
( Gills function only when immersed in fluid. Some land snails manage with gills, but the gills are small and protected in a moist chamber)
An open circulatory system_____
Allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid
(in animals with an open circulatory system, the vascular fluid also functions as the interstitial fluid)
B lymphocytes
multiply and make antibodies that circulate in blood and lymph
Which type of cell is responsible for causing apoptosis in center cells and virus-infected cells?
natural killer cells
Which molecules trigger the adaptive immune response?
antigen
IN a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. What would you predict as a likely result?
The mice readily accepted tissue transplants
( the thymus is necessary for the proper maturation of T cells. Without helper and cytotoxic T cells, there would no effective immune response)
What is the role of dendritic cells in primary immune response?
Dendritic cells present antigen to and thus activate, helper T cells
What cells are part of the innate second line of defense in the immune system?
The second line of defense includes phagocytic white blood cells, such as macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, and the inflammatory response
Antibodies are in which class of proteins?
receptor
A viral infection in cell results in ____.
Secretion of interferon
(Interferon is released by virus-infected cells. Taken up by uninfected cells, it induces them to produce molecules that inhibit viral replication
Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
B) it has the ability to detect very specific pathogens
Phagocytosis is best defined as _____.
The cellular ingestion of a foreign substances
Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?
B) local vasodilation
(histamine triggers vasodilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries; this increased blood flow is what causes redness and fever during an inflammatory response
What would most likely happen to microbes in the blood?
