18 Psy 101

• Stigma, makes it harder to have/keep relationships
• Costs a lot of money to get treatment
• Self esteem issues
• Impairment to carry out daily activities
• Disability leave

• 1. People may not realize they have a mental disorder that could be effectively treated
• 2. There may be barriers to treatment, like beliefs and circumstances that keep people from getting help
• 3. Structural barriers prevent people from physically getting to treatmetn

An interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

A form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

Therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

Misunderstood and because of this it often goes untreated

Costly, affecting an individual's ability to function and also causing social and financial burdens.

They may be unaware that they have a problem, they may be uninterested in getting help for their problem or they may face structural barriers to getting treatment

Psychotherapy, which focuses on the mind, and medical and biological methods, which focus on the brain and body

That the idea might not be correct but it is on the right track

• Procedures used, sitting face to face instead of one person laying down, less intensive
• Content, rather than free association, therapists using IPT talk to clients about their interpersonal behaviors and feelings

A reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material

An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relatinships

Assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

Has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptoms relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

They had a problem with theories that were based on "invisible" mental properties that were difficult to test and impossible to observe directly.

Humanistic view saw all humans as good and trying to improve

It depends on the processes of habitation and response extinction.

A form of behavior therapy in which clients are given tokens for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

A therapeutic approach that teach clients to question the automatic beliefs assumptions and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Cognitive restructuring to question the beliefs held about themselves and to change them and make them better

Teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations; and to detect symptoms before they become a problem

A blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies

The technique acknowledges that there may be behaviors that people cannot control through rational thought, BTU also that there are ways of helping people think more rationally when thought does play a role

When people might be Abel to recover from disorders in the same way they got them, not as an individual effort but through social process

A technique in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere

• Pro: You're not alone, group members model appropriate behavior, can share insight
• Cons: Difficult to assemble a group with similar needs, problems with members undermining each other, particular members dominate conversation, less attention than they could have gotten in one on one sessions

• Pro: Support from a community, cost effective,
• Con: Disruptive or aggressive or encourage bad behavior, oversensitive to symptoms they might not have otherwise had

Focus on helping people to develop a sense of personal worth

Learning principles to specific behavior problems

People to change the way they think about events in their lives, and teaching them to challenge irrational thoughts.

Cognitive and behavioral approaches has been shown to be affective for treating a wide range of psychological disorders

Brought together for the purpose of working together to solve their problems

Such as AA are common in the US and around the world but not well studied

Traditional psychoanalysis involves 4-5 sessions a week with a client lying on a couch free associating, whereas modern Psychodynamic therapies involve one session per week with face to face interactions in which therapists help clients solve interpersonal problems

Medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

Drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety

A class of drugs that help lift people's moods

They block dopamine receptors in parts of the brain like the mesolimbic area, an area between the tegmentum (in the Midbrain) and various Subcortical structures. It reduces dopamine activity in these areas

They appear to affect both dopamine and serotonin systems, blocking both types of receptors.

Benzodiazepines have a potential for abuse, are associated with drug tolerance and risk withdrawal symptoms

• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most common.
• They block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which makes more serotonin available in the synaptic space between neurons. The greater availability of serotonin in the synapse gives the neuron a better chance of recognizing and using this neurotransmitter in sending the desired signal.

In the process of lifting one's mood, they might actually trigger a manic episode in a person with bipolar disorder. They are treated with mood stabilizers instead

They are easily available over the counter, less expense and perceived as "natural" alternatives. They aren't considered medications by regulatory agencies so they are more likely to get away with crap but there is research support for the effectiveness of some herbal and natural products-though it's not overwhelming.

Electroconvulsive therapy is used primarily to treat severe depression that hasn't responded to antidepressant medications, it may also be useful for treating bipolar disorder.

A treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

A treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

A therapy that invokes repeated exposure to bright light

Surgical destruction of specific brain areas

Treat many psychological disorders, including antipsychotic medications (for schizophrenia and psychotic disorders), Antianxiety (for anxiety disorders)  and antidepressants (for depression and related disorders)

Psychotherapy

Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and psychosurgery- the last used in extreme cases, when other methods of treatment have been exhausted.

• Maybe you would have gotten better despite taking a pill
• Maybe the pill wasn't the active ingredient in your cure
• Maybe after you're better you mistakenly remember having been more ill than you really were.

• Natural improvement
• Placebo effects
• Reconstructive memory

The tendency of symptoms to return to their mean or average level, the illusion happens when you conclude mistakenly that a treatment has made you better when you would have gotten better anyway

Nonspecific treatment effects can produce recovery. Just knowing you are getting a treatment can be a nonspecific treatment effect

An inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced

So that nobody is affected by the placebo effect

A disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself.

Necessarily mean that the treatment was effective, it might instead reflect natural improvement, nonspecific treatment effects and reconstructive memory processes

Both treatment outcomes and processes, using scientific research methods such as double blind techniques and placebo controls

Some are more effective than others for certain disorders, and both medication and psychotherapy have dangers that ethical practitioners must consider carefully.