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difference in manner of articulation btw /ph/, /p/,/b/
- ph: unvoiced and aspirated
- p: unvoiced and unaspirated
- b: voiced and unaspirated
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phonetic transcription - pay
[phei]
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phonetic transcription - space
[speis]
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phonetic transcription - bay
[bei]
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...are contrastive in English, example, whereas ...are contrastive in Cantonese, example; hence plosives in Cantonese contrast in ...., not in....
- /p/ and /b/ ; pay and bay
- /ph/ and /p/; 披, 悲
- aspiration, voicing
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the nine voiceless sounds in English
/ p t k tʃ f θ s ʃ h /
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pronunciation rules of "s" allomorphs
- әz:after /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/
- z: after voiced sounds except the above rule
- s: elsewhere
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pronunciation rules of "d" allomorphs
- әd: after /t, d/
- d: after a voiced sound except /d/ (above rule)
- t: elsewhere
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Cantonese tonal shape: group, number and names
- non-rising: 1364; high, high-mid, low-mid, low
- rising: 25; high,low
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rising cantonese tone's corresponding PTH tones
falling-rising
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non-rising cantonese tone's corresponding PTH tones
- 1: level(1)
- 3: falling (4)
- 6: falling (4)
- 4: rising (2)
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example rule governing the use of allomorph
when there is a genitive morpheme before a word beginning wiith a voiced plosive, it is pronounced as the corresponding voiceless plosive
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free vs bound morpheme
- free: carries a lexical meaning and can be used alone
- bound: appears only as a part of another word
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Difference between men and women
- Women readily talk about their inner lives whereas men don't
- Women are more likely to give minimal responses .
- They often validate their friends
- Women often use the word 'exactly' or 'yeah' and nod their heads in agreement, probably with more facial expression
- there is more eye contact among women talking to each other
- men tended to be non-responsive to their friend's disclosure
- Men are better at masking their emotional arousal with neutral facial expression; their level of arousal is in fact higher than women
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why can the brain process the pronunciation when male and female say it in different pitch?
because the pronunciation has the same tone
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conceptual metaphors - what is it
a type of comparison, when you are using a words metaphorically, you are using a meaning that has developed from the literal meaning and has some of the same features.
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conceptual metaphors - why is it important
- conceptual metaphors are embedded in our language, there are many expressions in language which expresses similar idea
- once we understand the key idea in a metaphor, for example, of talking about illness, it is easier to understand other words and phrases used for talking about illness
- metaphorical ideas affect the way we talk about things and our ways of thinking
- essential for computers to learn this to master language
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how does conceptual metaphors demonstrate the productivity of language
- in the past time is abundant but as time goes by time became more valuable
- in order to express this idea, we can use the phrase 'time is money' to express that time is valuable
- hence conceptual metaphors allow us to express new ideas by comparing and connecting two things with the same feature
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why is metaphor difficult for computer
- entailment are important for computers to process language
- different people can highlight different aspect of a metaphor, ie. metaphors are never exact
- in order for the computer to understand language, computers must first have knowledge of the metaphor
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a - open, closed and unstressed
face, cat, attack
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e - open, closed and unstressed
theme, best, selfless/escape
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i - open, closed and unstressed
nice, sit, [di]vide
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o - open, closed and unstressed
no, top, con[so]nant
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u - open, closed and unstressed
use, sun/push, suggest
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note is an open syllable but tense is closed because
two consonants, ns, before silent e
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why is cantonese difficult for the computer
- because there are 4 non-rising tones and 2 rising tones in cantonese
- it is more important to recognize the tones in relative sense than in absolute sense
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explain the contradiction between a common belief that women is the talkative sex and that men doing the talking in a group
silence is the desired state for women, any talk in which woman engages can be too much
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explain how language shows the men's perspective
- the 'male' terms are usually created first; the female term is secondary, eg host and hostess
- widow was created first to separate and discriminate against them
- more words related to women than men in foul language
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unmarked means...
default
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changing tone 3 in PTH
- before 3: high rising(馬尾)
- before 124:low falling(馬路)
- otherwise: falling rising
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what is crazy about cantonese
- 4 non rising tones
- 2 rising tone, making a total of 3 low tones, (456)
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miscommunication between men and women
- minimal responses: different meaning; women mean 'I'm listening' while men means 'I agree.'; when a female speaker receiving occasional minimal responses, he is indicating that he doesn't always agree while she thinks he's not listening
- eye contact: men doesn't always make eye contact when they listen while women often does, which leads to the women thinking that men aren't listening
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why speech recognition is needed
- control weapons by voice commands
- make monitoring voice communication easier
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why Prof. Weizenbaum doesn't let a computer act as psychiatrists?
he oppose all projects that propose to substitute a computer for a human function that involves interpersonal respect, understanding and love
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linguistic questionnaire - biggest difference between boys and girls
- playing computer games
- doing sports
- going to malls and shopping
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common word order among different languages; two features of unmarked languages; which is the marked arrangement;
- SOV(Korean and Japanese) and SVO
- subject saliency (S before o) and VO contiguity
- OSV
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common arguments between men and women
- Women demand from men the same level of understanding they receive from other women
- women think men don't listen to them
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why is [bh] rare
- contradiction in their articulation
- in order to produce a voiced sound, the vocal cords should be closed together, air pressure build up below the vocal cord to bring about vibrations
- in order to say an aspirated sound, the vocal cords should be wide apart so that air passes through easily
- it takes much more energy to vibrate vocal cords that are wide apart
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The IPA is central to the field of .... IPA symbols are adapted to specific languages. For instance, ...
- articulatory phonetics
- [ r ] is, strictly speaking, a trill 顫音 in IPA (for the “r” in Spanish) but it has been used as an approximant in transcribing English
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Based on three features, the .... is used for describing vowels: .... For example,...
- vowel quadrilateral
- open vs. close, front vs. back, and rounded vs. unrounded;
- [ y ] (as in / sy1 / “book” in Cantonese) is a close front rounded vowel, whereas [ i ] is close front unrounded
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what is romanization
it is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman script
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the 3 types of alphabets in Europe
Greek, Cyrillic, Latin (Georgian)
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2 syllabary in Japan
Katakana (romanji) and Hiragana
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describe the purpose (1) and the conclusion(2) of the face vs mobile experiment
- a blind experiment on neonatal social perception
- male babies tend to prefer the mobile, whereas female babies either have no preference or prefer the real face
- male babies looked significantly longer at the mobile than females did; the females looked longer at the real face than at the mobile
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in the study of speech perception, it was found that ....sound; the result indicate that ....(3)
- 1- and 4- month old infants are able to discriminate the acoustic cue of the /b/ and /p/
- infants as young as 1 mont age are responsive to speech sounds
- experience has little effect in determining the perception of speech in first 4-6 months of life
- speech may be necessary to stimulate the detection of speech, but it has little effect on the catergories of speech that are perceived
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in Werker and Tee's experiment, what was tested, how was it tested and what was the conclusion
- infants discrimination performance on the dental/retroflex contrast in Hindi was tested in a head turn paradigm.
- Conclusion: infants can discriminate nonnative speech sounds without relevant experience, but there is a decline in this ability
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public speaking: stereotype that women talk a lot
- men feel more comfortable doing public speaking (report talk) while women feel more comfortable doing private (rapport talk) speaking
- in academic conference, women contributed only 27.4% when it comes to volunteering and being called on to ask questions
- men took longer when asking questions
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