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Layer Cake Model of culture
- Leslie White
- ideological
- social and political organization
- technology and economy
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Second law of thermodynamics:
- Leslie White
- the idea that the universe is running down structurally and dynamically resulting in entropy
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Sui Generis:
- Leslie White
- culture as a system of its own kind
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Thermodynamic Law
- Leslie White
- culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year
- is increased. Energy x Technology equals cultural product.
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Thermodynamics
- Leslie White
- the study of the conversion of forms of energy in the universe
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Cultural ecology
- Julian Steward
- Relationship between culture & environment
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Band
- Julian Steward
- distinguished this from Service’s tribe, chiefdom, and state. Defined 3 types of bands patrilineal, matrilineal, and composite
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Adaptation
- Julian Steward
- became the rubric of culture ecology
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Multilinear Evolution
- Julian Steward
- societies had multiple lines of development–But, bound by regularities
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Parallel evolution
- Julian Steward
- asks “Why are there similar adaptations in similar environments?”
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Independent Variables
- Julian Steward
- Independent variables: environment & economy
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Dependent Variable
- Julian Steward
- social organization & ideology
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Culture core
- Julian Steward
- Features related to subsistence & economics
- changes in one layer, affects changes in others
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Made 3 age system more socioeconomic
- Gordon Childe
- Paleolithic, neolithic, urban revolution
- similar to Morgan
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General Social-economic Categories
- Elman Service
- Band
- tribe
- Cheifdom
- State
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economic & political categories
- Morton Fried
- egalitarian
- ranked
- stratified
- state
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Cultural subsystems
- Marvin Harris
- infrastructure
- structure
- superstructure
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Behavioural Domain
- Marvin Harris
- What people do
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Mental Domain
- Marvin Harris
- What people think
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Emic Behavioural Domain
- Marvin Harris
- What people think about their own behavior
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Emic Mental Domain
- Marvin Harris
- What people think about their own thoughts
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Structure of the conjuncture
Marshall Sahlins
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Ethnoscape
Arjun Appadurai
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Technoscape
Arjun Appadurai
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Mediascape
Arjun Appadurai
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Financescape
Arjun Appadurai
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Ideoscape
Arjun Appadurai
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