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The Italian Renaissance – Origins and Humanism
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“Renaissance”
- French for "rebirth" of Greco-Roman antiquity culture
- began in Italy (lots of money, filled with remnants of ancient world
- Florence was the capital of the Renaissance
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HUMANISM
- program emphasizing the study of the form and content
- of classical learning.
- humanists
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FRANCESCO PETRARCH (1304- 1374)
- most renowned humanist
- revived classical studies
- wrote poem Africa about the Punic Wars
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Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
- italian humanist
- On the False Donation of Constantine (1444)
- exposed the Donation of Constantine as a fraud
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“civic humanism”
- they put their literary talents toward promoting the cities in which they lived
- focused on morality and ethics
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NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527)
- wrote book on politics in 1513: The Prince.
- be strong and intimidating like a lion while simultaneously being as cunning as a fox in order to keep power
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The Italian Renaissance - Art and Architecture
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Medieval Traditions
- byzantine style
- stiff, 2d
- gold skies
- ie Madonna and Child
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Renaissance Art
- recreate nature as it truely appeared
- revive classical idealism
- captured sense of individual
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GIOTTO (ca. 1266-1337)
- “Pre-Renaissance,” painter
- fresco paintings in the Arena Chapel
- The Lamentation
- master of emotion
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LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
illusion of 3 dimensions and depth in artwork
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Masaccio
Painted The Holy Trinity (1427)
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DONATELLO (1386-1466)
- sculpted David (1428-1432)
- Gattamelata from 1453 “equestrian” statue (one riding on a horse)
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LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)
- quintessential “Renaissance man.”
- artist, art theorist, architect, musician, scientist, and engineer
- The Last Supper
- The Mona Lisa
- Embryo in the Womb (ca. 1510)
- The Vitruvian Man (1490)
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MICHELANGELO (1475-1564)
- artist and sculptor
- The Pietà (ca. 1500). (virgin Mary cradling the dead Christ)
- David (1501- 04) (sixteen feet high)
- Sistine Chapel (The Creation of Adam)
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Raphael (1483-1520)
- Portraitist
- Many Madonna and Child images
- The School of Athens
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Alberti
Alberti’s Façade of S. Andrea, Mantua
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Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
The dome of the cathedral of Florence
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The Northern Renaissance
- Christian humanism
- religous reform
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THE PRINTING PRESS
- cheaper books
- moveable lead type
- invented by the German Johann Gutenberg
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ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM (1466-1536)
- Northern Humanist
- "Prince of Humanists"
- Praise of Folly (1511) (satire)
- the Greek New Testament
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SIR THOMAS MORE (1478-1535)
- Northern Humanist
- served as chancellor to King Henry VIII
- Spiritual and person of great integrity
- wrote Utopia (criticized political-social abuses in Tudor England)
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Northern Art
- Oil paintings rather than fresco
- Religous Scenes
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Flemish Jan van Eyck (ca. 1390-1441)
The Arnolfini Portrait (1434)
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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (d. 1616)
- Playwright
- Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Hamlet
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European Expansion – The Historical Context
- goal was discovery
- better boats to explore oceans
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European Expansion – Portugal
Territory in Brazil
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PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460)
eager for the Portuguese to discover a new route to Asia Around Africa
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Bartholomeu Dias (ca. 1450-1500) & Vasco da Gama (ca. 1460-1524)
- portuguese that traveled beyond the tip of Africa
- reacheded India and came back with Pepper and Gems
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European Expansion – Spain
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CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
- Genoese mariner from northern Italy
- Sponsored by Queen Isabella to sail due west.
- Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.
- Landed in San Salvador in the Bahamas
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Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512)
Realized that Columbus actualy found a new Continent
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Balboa
crossed the Isthmus of Panama
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Ferdinand Magellan (ca. 1480-1521)
- not Spanish, but sailed on behalf of Spain
- His crew circumnavigated the entire globe before they returned to Spain
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HERNÁN CORTÉS (1485- 1547)
- Conquistador
- Determined to conquer the Aztec Empire
- Concquered them with 600 men
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Aztecs
- Montezuma II (r. 1502-1520) was emperor
- Capital TENOCHTITLÁN
- Polytheistic and human sacrifices
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FRANCISCO PIZARRO (ca. 1475-1541)
- Conquistador
- Determined to conquer the Inca Empire (lots of silver)
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Incas
- Peru
- Capital Cuzco (12,00 feet high in the Andes Mountains)
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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
- Spain exported European Culture and Christianity to the New World
- Inported new foods, new animals and animal products back to Europe
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American Indians
- Wiped out by European diseases such as
- smallpox
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