Research Ch. 16

What are two examples of description statistics?

A __________is a descriptive statistic calculated from population data

The 4 levels of measurement are

_________ is the lowest level of measurement and involves assigning #'s to classify characteristics into categories. The numbers do not have mathematical meaning

Give 3 examples of nominal measurements.

The #'s assigned in nominal measurement a. have or b. do not have quantitative meaning

Nominal measurements must be classifiable into 1 and only 1 category. Thus they must be___________ and __________.
For example, 1=married, 2=separated or divorced, 3=widowed.

_________ measurement goes beyond categorization and involves sorting people based on their relative ranking on an attribute

In an ordinal measurement, we only know the ________ ranking.
Examples of this type of measurement include: ____ _____

________ measurement occurs when researchers can specify rank ordering on an attribute and can assume equivalent distance between them

An example of an interval measurement is____

Interval measurements are more informative than ordinal ones, but they do not convey _______ magnitudes, because there is no rational zero point.

Example of interval measurements is______

In _________ measurement we can meaningfullly calculate an average which expands our analytic possibilities

________ measurement is considered the highest level and provides information about ordering on the critical attribute, the intervals between objects, AND the absolute magnitude of the attribute because they have  a rational, meaningful zero.

An example of a ratio measure is _____

A _________ distribution is a systematic arrangment of values from the lowest to highest, together with a count of the number of times each value was obtained

Frequency distributions consist of 2 values;
_____ the observed value
______ the frequency of cases at each value

Sum of f's =_____

Examples of graphs that display interval and ratio level data

Frequency polygons can assume many shapes. A _______ distribution has two equal halves and a _________ distrubution has a peak that is off center and a tail longer on one side than the other.

When the tail of a skewed distribution points to the right, the distribution is _________.

When the tail of the distribtion points to the left, the distribution is _________

Age at death is an example of a ________ skewed attribute.

A ________ distribution has a symmetrical peak.

The 3 measures of central tendency is are:
____, ______ and ________

The _____ is the most frequently occurring score in a central distribution

The ________is the point in a distribution above which and below which 50 % of cases fall.

Modes are a quick way to determine a ________ score, but are rather _____

The ______ is used primarily to describe typical values for nominal-level measures.

The value that divides the cases exactly in half is the ________ for the set of numbers.

The ______ is the sum of all scores, divided by the number of scores.

Another name for the mean is the ______.

The ______ is the most widely used measure of central tendency.  It is the most ______because if repeated samples were drawn from a population, means would fluctuate less than modes or medians.

If the goal is to understand what is "typical" in a sample, the _______ may be the best measure of central tendency. As in a the income level of a group.

When a distribution is symmetric and unimodal, the three indexes of central tendency _______

In a skewed distribution, the mean , median and mode will _________

In a skewed distribution the mean always pulls in the direction of the long ________

The ________ is most suited for nominal measures.

Both the ____ and ____ are suitable for ordinal measures.

(measures of central tendency)

The ________ is appropriate for interval and ration measures.
( a measure of central tendency)

______ is the measure of how spread out or dispersed the data are.

The _______ is the highest score minus the lowest score.

The range is ________ because it is based on only two numbers.

_______ is a measure of variability used for interval or ratio-level data. It indicates the average amount of deviation of values from the mean and is calculated in every score.

A _______ score is the difference between an individual score and the mean.

If a person weighed 150 lbs and the sample mean were 140. The person's deviation score would be______

Deviations above the mean always ______ deviations below the mean, so that the net sum of them is 0.

_______ is the value of the standard deviation before a square root has been taken, and it is a related index of variability.

In a normal or near normal distribution there are roughly ______ SD's above and below the mean.

The ______ is a useful variability index for describing a distribution and interpreting individual scores.

Like the mean, the SD is a _______ estimate of a parameter and is the preferred index of a distribution's __________