eco and evo 4

birds

anapsid (no hole, just orbit)

• have diapsid skull, which has two pairs of temporal openings with orbit
• also tuataras and squamata has it too

mammals which one pair of lateral temporal opening

birds and crocodiles

squamata: males with hemipenes (external reproductive organs), characteristics of skeleton

• tuataras (special type of reptiles) and squamata group
• skin shed in one piece, characteristics of bone growth, skull, pelvis feet

extraembryonic membranes of amnion, chorion and allantois

more close to birds and mammals than to amphibians

• because they are cold blooded (ectotherms, cannot produce their own heat)
• whereas birds and mammals can produce their own heat.

• testudines order (turtles)
• crocodilia 
• squamata
• sphenodonta (tuatara)

• amniotic eggs with shell
• internal fertilization
• oviparous, ovoviviparous and viviparous (few)
• direct development

produce eggs that hatch outside the body

• there's no placental connection and the unborn young is nourished by egg yolk 
• eggs hatched within the body, young are born alive

• all mammals except the monotremes
• eggs hatched inside with placenta

• epidermal scales and claws
• 5 digits on each limb
• thoracic ribs (except turtles), important for respiration, neg pressure expand

• amnion: inner membrane surrounding the baby
• leathery shell
• yolk
• chorion: outmost membrane around embryo that protects the baby, allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood
• Allantois: sac like structure allows for gas exchange, highly vascularized and allow waste to exchange

• cells in skin that can change colors by dispersing or congregating
• reptile skin is always covered in scales to keep moisture (not dependent on water anymore)
• amphibians still depend on water

bony deposits forming scales in dermis layer

part the curves in in scale

• lives in Galapagos island
• giant turtle, lonely survivor
• necks and shell shaped to best suit the amount of food and the type of food
• (domed shaped shell and short necks when there's a lot of food)
• saddlelike shell (like George) help reach more food (longer necks)
• can live for a year without food or water

• depends on temperature (males develop at lower temp (below 20C)
• crocodiles, males develop at higher temp

• shed their epidermal scales with growth
• geckos with fat tails

• squamata
• change color based on mood and temp
• chromatophore (less dense and more concentrated changes color)
• remarkable vision (pupil moving)

• vipers are family of snake
• sheathed fangs at the front of mouth that allow deep penetration to release venom

short, immovable fangs at front of mouth

• rear fanged (or no fangs)
• mostly nonpoisonous

• sea snakes
• extremely poisonous

• constrictors, used to kill prey
• many retain vestigial pelvic structures

• pit organ to sense heat (they mostly eat at night), has receptor nerve endings packed with mitochondria
• discharge orifice to discharge venom

• largest living lizard in the world
• kills with virulent bacteria on teeth (blood poisoning)

• ectotherm: need external energy to increase temp (bask in sun), snake
• endotherms: (keep constant temp), need regular amount of food to regulate physiological processes, bobcat

• conduction: lose heat by touching other materials
• evaporation loses heat too
• thermal radiation back to sun
• convection (hot air rises, cool air falls)

• bipedal
• feathers for insulation and lift and thrust
• toothless beaks
• wings with fused digits
• ability to fly

• skeleton
• musculature
• physiology

• Archaeopteryx
• pink flyer

• they can fly and move around/ complicated behaviors
• diff mating calls, small mistake creates hybrids

make nest look pretty to attract females

• radiation within smaller groups
• radiation in body parts

• 29 orders
• 187 families
• 2000+genera
• 10,000 species

• regional is the landscape
• local is the habitat within that landscape

• based on shared, derived characteristics (like the pattern on their back)
• diff birds share same middle ear bone

• teeth, 3 digits on fingers, big tail
• in Germany
• undeveloped sternum (breastbone compared to modern birds)
• wings not as strong, longer tail
• transition form between reptiles and birds (support Darwinism evolution)

• cursorial (ground up)
• arboreal (trees down)

archaeopteryx lithographica

• assume biped, cursorial (having limbs adapted for running) ancestor 
• bones of legs are long
• large legs for running muscle attachment
• once running, use feathers for other things like catching insects, and picking up minimum speed for lift.

• semi bipedal leaping and gliding ancestor
• claws to scale trees, retained in winged appendages
• short hand wing (power), long arm wing (lift)
• no keeled sternum

lungfish

• escape predators
• help catch flying or speedy prey
• help move from place to place (leaping or gliding), vigilance, migration, nomadism
• free hind legs for use as weapon

• therapsids (mammals)
• thecodonts (dinosaurs, birds, crocodiles)

flightless or little flying and all others

birds and crocodiles

• flight
• heat conservation (reduced convective and evaporative heat loss, increased insulation)
• made of keratin
• most conspicuous integumental derivative

• interaction between epidermis and dermal mesenchyme
• form dermal papila (bump in dermis, also called placode)
• mitotic divisions in a collar zone of stratum germinativum to form crown of barbs
• covered by a horny sheath of epidermis

• timing of expression of two proteins (Shh and Bmp2)
• forms shaft, carrying barbs
• base of the feather recedes into the skin
• degeneration of epidermal sheath

• contour 
• semiplumes
• down
• bristles
• filoplume

• insulating and flight
• vanes symmetrical and vanes asymmetrical
• wings, and tails

• rachis greater than barbs
• ostrich

• rachis less than barbs
• insulating 
• adult and natal (lost)
• powder down for waterproofing

• little or no vane, little barbs
• on face on whip-poor-will

• pennaceous feathers (quill)
• attached to sensory corpuscles in skin

no vocal cords, fill cavity with air and vibrate cavity

• carotenoids (from plants, bright colors)
• melanins (brown and black)
• porphyrines (modifying amino acids, produce a range of colors)