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miss_bayley
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What does afferent mean?
- sensory
- flowing into the CNS (input)
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What does efferent mean
- motor
- flowing out, away from CNS
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2 components of sensory nervous system
somatic sensory- general and special senses like touch, pain, smell, hearing, balance, etc (senses you can voluntarily pay attention to)
visceral sensory- temperature and stretch of organ muscles (you aren't conscious of them, except for when you've eaten too much or are constipated)
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2 components of motor nervous system
somatic motor- voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles
- autonomic motor- regulates smooth and cardiac muscles without out control (visceral). for example, heart beating or growling stomach
- parasympathetic-homeostasissympathetic-fight or flight
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Which system is frontal lobe? type? function?
- CNS
- primary motor
- speech area
- monitors behavior and control based on judgment and foresight (higher intellectual functions)
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Which system is parietal lobe? type? function?
- CNS
- sensory
- evaluate shape and texture, tastes, smell sensations
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Which system is temporal lobe? function?
- CNS
- auditory and olfactory (smell)
- interpretation
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Which system is frontal lobe? function?
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Which system is the insula? function?
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what kind of neuron is this?
is it a motor or sensory function?
- multipolar neuron
- motor and association
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what kind of neuron is this?
motor or sensory function?
- bipolar neuron
- sensory function
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what kind of neuron is this?
motor or sensory function?
- unipolar neuron
- sensory function
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what is this?
what is its function?
(starlike shape)
-most common type of glial cell
- function
- -forms blood-brain barrier
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what are glial cells?
what are the 4 types of glial cells
-supporting cells
- astrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglial cells
- oligodendrocytes
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what is this?
function?
- oligodendrocyte
- CNS myelination
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what is this?
function?
what does it create?
what does that produce?
- ependymal cell
- they are the epithelial for the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. They create the choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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what is this?
function?
- microglial cell
- they replicate in response to an infection and perform phagocytic activity like a macrophage
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what is the difference between the myelination of a oligodendrocyte versus a Schwann cell?
- oligodendrocytes cover the portions of many different axons like electrical tape around a wire. It can myelinate a 1mm portion of many axons
- -a myelin sheath formed in the CNS
- Schwann cell
- It can myelinate a 1mm portion of only one axon. So there are many along one axon creating nodes of Ranvier.
- The myelination is the overlapping inner layers of neurolemma.
- -a myelin sheath formed in the PNS
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which is inbound which is outbound?
axon
dendrite
- axon-outbound (motor)
- dendrite-inbound (sensory)
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which contains dendrites and unmyelinated axons? which contains myelinated axons?
white/grey
grey matter- dendrites and unmyelinated axons (cell body)
white matter- myelinated axons
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Key for knowing whether structures are motor or sensory:
Lateral and Anterior=
Posterior=
spinal nerve/ramus/column=
Whats the exception? (think about its placement)
- LA=motor
- P=sensory
- spinal nerve/ramus/column= both
- posterior white column= is a column but is very posterior, sensory only
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles. Where on spine?
Ansa cervicalis
- Cervical plexus
- strap muscles of the neck (sternohyoid)
- Turns neck from side to side unilaterally, or down bilaterally
- C1-C3
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles. Where on spine?
Phrenic nerve
- cervical plexus
- C3-C5
- innervates the diaphragm "C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive"
- breathing
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
Musculocutaneous nerve
- Brachial plexus
- motor innervates the anterior arm-flexing humerus and forearm
- sensory innervates the lateral forearm
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
median nerve
- Brachial plexus
- motor innervates anterior forearm and thumb muscles- pronation, flexion of wrist and fingers, moves thumb
- sensory innervates anterior forearm and most of hand
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
ulnar nerve
- brachial plexus
- motor innervates muscles of the hand-adduction and abduction, flexes hand
- sensory innervates the medial forearm
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
axillary nerve
- brachial plexus
- motor innervates the deltoid-abducts arm
- sensory innervates the shoulder area
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
radial nerve
- brachial plexus
- motor innervates the posterior arm and forearm- extends forearm, extends wrists, fingers, supinates forearm
- sensory innervation from posterior arm, forearm, hand
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Why are there no nerve plexuses formed between T2 and T11?
they are intercostal nerves that innervate the chest and abdomen area
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
Iliohypogastric/Ilioinguinal nerve
lumbar plexus
- motor innervation to abdominal muscles- flexes vertebral column
- sensory innervates the skin over the abdomen and external genitalia
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
femoral nerve
lumbar plexus
- motor innervates the anterior thigh- extension of knee, hip flexor
- sensory innervates the lateral and anterior thigh
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
obturator nerve
lumbar plexus
- motor innervates the medial thigh-adductor muscles
- sensory innervates the superomedial thigh
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
saphenous nerve
- lumbar plexus
- continuous of femoral nerve
- sensory innervation of medial leg
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
Pudendal nerve
- sacral plexus
- motor innervates and tightens muscles of perineum, external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter
- sensory innervates skin on external genitalia
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
tibial nerve
sacral plexus
- motor innervates the posterior thigh, leg, and plantar foot- extends thigh, flexes leg, flexes foot
- sensory of these same areas
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
common fibular nerve
- sacral plexus
- motor innervates the anterior leg and dorsal foot- dorsiflex foot, extend toes, inverts foot
- sensory innervates space between 1 and 2 digits
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Identify Nerve plexus, muscle compartment innervated, and major functions of those muscles.
common fibular nerve
sacral plexus
motor innervates lateral leg
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
what is their function?
thalamus/hypothalamus
third ventricle
- thalamus-sensory switching station
- hypothalamus-controls endocrine station
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
head and tail of caudate nucleus
lateral ventricles
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
medulla oblongata
fourth ventricle
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
midbrain
contains the cerebral aqueduct with connects the third and fourth ventricle
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
temporal lobe
lateral ventricle
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
pons
fourth ventricle
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which ventricle is the structure associated with?
cerebellum
fourth ventricle
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what are the tissues that form the choroid plexus?
what does it produce?
ependymal cells and capillaries
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what is the pathway of CSF flow through the brain into the sinuses of the dura mater
5 steps
- 1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
- 2. CSF flows from the 3rd ventricle though the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle
- 3. CSF in the 4th ventricle flows through the subarachnoid space and into the central canal of the spinal chord
- 4. as it flows through subarachnoid space it drops off waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
- 5. excess CSF flows through arachnoid villi and into dural sinuses.
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
central sulcus
it marks the boundary of the posterior frontal lobe and the anterior parietal lobe
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
lateral sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
precentral gyrus
what kind of function? (motor or sensory)
the frontal lobe, immediately anterior to the central sulcus
voluntary motor function
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
parietal-occipital sulcus
it is the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe and the anterior boundary of the occipital lobe
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
postcentral gyrus
sensory or motor function?
the parietal lobe, it is immediately posterior to the central sulcus
sensory function
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
hippocampus
motor or sensory function?
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
longitudinal fissure
- frontal
- parietal
- and occipital lobes
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
prefrontal cortex
frontal lobe
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
Borca's area
motor or sensory?
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
Wernicke's area
motor or sensory function?
- temporal and parietal lobe
- sensory
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what lobe(s) is the mentioned structure associated with on the telencephalon?
gustatory area
sensory or motor?
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provide examples and function for the type of fiber
association fibers (2 types)
- short association fibers- connect gyrus to gyrus within a hemisphere or lobe.
- ex. arcuate fibers, tracts connecting the primary motor cortex to the motor association area
- long association fibers-connect gyrus to gyrus from different lobes.
- ex longitudinal fasciculi, tracts connecting wernicke area to motor speech area
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provide examples and function for the type of fiber
commissural fibers
- connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
- ex corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissures
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provide examples and function for the type of fiber
projection fibers
connect spinal cord and inferior brain to the outside of the brain (cerebral cortex)
ex. motor axons from cerebral cortex to spinal cord, sensory axons from spinal cord to cerebrum
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
cerebral peduncles
motor/sensory function?
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
inferior/superior colliculi
sensory or motor?
what is their combined name?
- midbrain
- sensory
- corpora quadrigemina
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
middle cerebral peduncles
sensory/motor?
- connects the pons to the cerebellum
- sensory and motor
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
pyramids
sensory/motor
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
olives
sensory/motor
- medulla oblongata
- sensory
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what do the peduncles connect?
superior
middle
inferior
- s-cerebrum to midbrain
- m-pons to the cerebellum
- i-cerebellum to medulla oblongata
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
hippocampus
associated with thalamus and hypothalamus via the limbic system
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
respiratory center and pneumotaxic center
the medulla oblongata and the pons
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
lateral/median apertures
pons, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
optic nerve
hypothalamus and thalamus (part of limbic system)
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What region(s) on the brain is the structure associated with?
substanita nigra
midbrain
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whats the difference between flaccid and spastic paralysis
flaccid paralysis comes from disruption or damage to the nerves
spastic paralysis comes from unusual tightness or damage to the muscle
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function of cerebellum
smooth, coordinated body movements
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function? type? location?
Olfactory 1
- smell
- sensory
- olfactory mulcosa
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function? type? location?
Optic 2
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function? type? location?
oculomotor 3
eye movement- lens accomodation, pupil constriction, eyeball muscles
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function? type? location?
trochlear 4
- eye ball movement control
- motor
- midbrain
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function? type? location?
trigeminal 5
- general sensation for touch, pain, temp of face and chewing
- both sensory and motor
- pons
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function? type? location?
abducens 6
- lateral rectus muscle- turns eyeballs outward
- motor
- pons
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function? type? location?
facial nerve 7
- facial expression, taste and tears
- both motor and sensory
- pons
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function? type? location?
vestibulocochlear 8
- hearing and balance
- sensory
- medulla
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function? type? location?
glossopharyngeal 9
- swallowing muscles
- taste
- both
- medulla
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function? type? location?
vagus 10
- pretty much everything
- heart, digestion, etc
- medulla
both
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function? type? location?
accessory nerve 11
- trapezius
- sternocleidomastoid
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function? type? location?
hypoglossal 12
- movement of tongue
- motor
- medulla
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