Histo - Embryo Packet 1

storage

nucleus and ribosomes, Blue/purple

cytoplasm/red

glycocalyx coat (glycolipid and glycoprotein)

8-10 nm in width

• trilaminar - outer and inner electron-dense lamina
• electron-lucent intermediate lamina

integral transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins

is present in the external leaflet of the cell membrane, which protects the cell from mechanical and chemical damage.

• selectively permeable
• special receptor sites for antigen recognition and immunilogical mechanisms
• special receptor sites for hormone activated cellular events

• nuclear envelope w/ chromatin, nucleolus and a nuclear matrix
• blood cells lack
• skeletal cells have multiple
• usually sphere

• two membranes separated by 25 nm perinuclear space
• outer has ribosomes and is contiuuous with the RER
• inner membrane is attached w/ proteins to chromatin
• pores- selective and active transport between nucleus and cytoplasm

• composed of DNA, basic proteins, histones, and nonhistone chromosomal proteins
• Barr body in neutrophils (WBC) is prominent in females from the extra X
• Heterochromatin - basophilic, see in inactive cells
• Euchromatin - abundant in active cells, lightly stained and uniformly dispersed

• spherical and basophilic, prominent cells producing protein
• loops of DNA w/ rRNA (basophilic) genes
• involved in the systhesis of rRNA and its packaging into precursor of ribosomes
• visible w/ lots of protein synthesis

• small electron dense cytoplasmic particles
• single or in groups
• w/ RER or free
• mammal erythrocytes don't have
• produce hydrolytic enzymes that go to lysosomes
• basophilic (purple/bluish)

• network of tubules to support the cell, bounded by membranes
• Rough ER- protein systhesis, appear basophilic
• Smooth ER - synthesis of steroid hormones(cholesterol based lipid metabolism) located on its membrane
• -drug detoxification, Ca release and captureand relaxation of muscles

• black network of cisternae
• parallel membranes bounded by flattened cisternae and associated tubules and vesicles on either side
• Function- 1. site of accumulation, concentration, and packaging of secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles (exit by exocytosis) 2. biosynthesis of glyco- proteins and lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids

• membran-bound vesicles w/ hydrolytic enzymes (nucleases, proteases, lipases)
• enzymes are from the RER > golgi > primary lysosomes
• phagocytosed material (microorganisms) > secondary lysosome> digested >exocytosis
• obsolete cellular organelles(autophagy)> secondary lysosome> digested >exocytosis

• age pigment
• after digestion the contents of the secondary lysosomes are retained as residual bodies
• undigestable parts

• detoxify ethanol and work in gluconeogenesis
• abundant hepatocytes and in cells of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney
• energy derived is for metabolic purposes
• contains oxidase and catalase ensymes to get rid of H2O2

• ATP synthesis, chief source of energy
• outer and inner membrane- folds of cristae w/ enzymes for oxidative phosporylation
• has own DNA & ribosomes
• many in muscle cells

composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, mirotubules, embedded in the cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol

• cell membrane activity
• actin and myosin = cellular contraction in muscle cells
• beneath the plasmalemma for exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell migratory activity

• strength and keeps shape
• keratin filaments - provide mechanical stability of desmosomes, keratinized epithelium
• Desmin filaments = muscle support
• Neurofilaments= nerve cells
• Glial filaments = astrocytes, neurolemmocytes(schwann cells)

• movement of organelles, vesicles (secretory granules from centrosomes)
• maintain cell form, cell division,

• cell division,
• 9 groups of 3 microtubules in longitudinal and parellel arrangement, stabilizing linker protein between tiplets

• cytoplasmic inclusion (non-life material)
• in liver cell and muscle, can be demonstrated by PAS reaction

• cytoplasmic inclusion (non-life material)
• in adipose tissue cells, can be demonstrated with osmotic aci fixation

• cytoplasmic inclusion (non-life material)
• in skin, and pigment epithelium of retina

• cytoplasmic inclusion (non-life material)
• result of hemoglobin degradation

• cytoplasmic inclusion (non-life material)
• indigested residue of phagocytosis, commonly found in cardiac muscle, liver and nerve cells,
• aging mainly in neuron and heart cells because of long life

• epithelial cells w/ irredular anastamosis ridges (transmembrane protein, arteries and veins) to seal neighbouring cells together in a beltlike fashion
• barrier to prevent passage of water soluble molecules form lumen to intercellular space
• selectively permeable

• cells help together by transmembrane protein limker and a bundle of actin filaments run parallel to the junctional cell membrane
• - lining cells of the intestine

• transmembrane protein linker plus intercellular electron-dense plaque
• intermediate filaments are attached to this plaque forming a hairpin loop

connect the cells from the extracellular matrix protein (similar to the half desmosome)

• permit the direct passage of inorganic ions and other water soluble molecules from cell to cell
• intercellular space is bridged by interlocking transmembrane proteins of the apposed membrane
• important - smooth or cardiac muscle

• MOVEMENT: respirator and male(flagellum) and female system
• surround plasma membrane
• 9 doublet of microtubules around 2 micorotubules

• cytoplasmic evagination to increase the free surface for absorption
• SI - increase surface area, cytoplasmic invaginations
• no tubules

• long rigid, microvilli
• static
• sense
• no tubules
• hair cells of the spiral organ (corti) of the inner ear

• sheets of aggreagated cells of similar type that cover or line the external and internal surfaces of the body
• rests on basement membrane
• protection, absorption, secretion, and diffusion

• Lamina lucida: low density, clear area next to the epithelium, syn from epithelium
• Lamina densa (basalis): electron dense, syn from epithelium and are composed mainly of proteoglycans and a special type of collagen
• Subbasal lamina: reticular fibers, connects the lamina densa to the subepithelial connective tissue

• number of layers
• shape of cell (first layer)

single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane

2 or more layers of cells with only the basal cell layer resting on the basement membrane

lining of blood vessels, pleural and peroneal cavities (mesothelium), pulmonary alveoli, and glomerular capsule

• single layer of thin, flat and scale-like cells
• spherical or oval nucleus (bulging)

thyroid gland, collecting ducts of kidney

single layer of cuboidal cells with a centrally located nucleus

stomach, intestine, and gall bladder

tall, narrow cells, nucleus is oval (elongated) and located near the base of the cell

trachea and bronchi (ciliated form)

composed of a single layer of cells, w/ different shape and nuclei locations

skin, cornea

• several layers of the cells with the most superficial cells having a squamous shape
• keratinzed and non ceratinized forms

lining the excretor duct of glands

mainly 2 layers

parotid and mandibular gland ducts

2-4 layers not more than 4 usually

urinary bladder

• lines hollow organs capable of distention
• relaxed state: superficial cells are dome-shaped and bulge into the lumen
• Stretched: reduced to a few layers of flattened cells

consists of glandular or secretory epithelium and duct system (parenchyma) with a supportive framework of connective tissue (stroma)

• unicellula or multicellularglands
• secrete and develop from epithelium
• endocrine: ductless gland, their secretions are released into intercellular fluid and transport to the site of action by the blood
• -hormones-blood-receptor cite-organ
• exocirne: ducts
• simple or compound glands

Large intestine

sweat gland

stomach

sebaceous

large sebaceous gland

minor salivary gland of oral cavity

parotid gland

pancreas (most common)

• 1. intralobular- striated in salivary gland and intercalated ducts in the pancreas, simple cuboidal
• 2. interlobular- simple cuboidal
• 3. lobar ducts- stratified cuboidal or columnar
• 4. main ducts- stratified squamous

parotid salivary gland

• produce a thin watery secretion
• spherical nuclei in center or lower half, apical cytomplasm filled with small secretory granules (zymogen granules)

• produce thick, viscous (mucin) secretion that form a protective covering
• stain lightly b/c of mucin
• nuclei are flat and displaced towards the basal part of cell

mandibular salivary gland

• have both serous and mucous acini.
• generally serous cells are located over the mucous acini as serous demilunes (half moon shape)

• secretory granules enclosed in a membrane, discard by exocytosis
• most common
• RER-golgi-secretory vesicles-surface of cell
• no cell cytoplasm involved

sweat and mammary glands

• membrane-bound granule, together with a rim of cytoplasm and plasmalemma, is released for the apex of the cell
• loss of some cytoplasm
• secrtion from cell (top surface breaks) -breakdown outside cell-regrowth

sebaceous gland

• entire cell is released as the secretory product
• in hair folicles
• stem cell-cell division-produce secretion,increase in size-cell bursts-loss of cytoplasmic contents

transfer of melanin pigment from the melanocytes into keratinocytes

secretory material from one cell is transfers from the one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell

• are interposed between the secretory cells and basement membrane
• when contracted these cells force the secretory product into the duct system

• connects other tissue and provides a framework to support the entire body by cartilage and bones
• cells- 9 types
• fibers- collagen, elastic and reticular
• amorphous ground substance- proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and interstitial fluid

mesenchymal, fibroblasts, reticular, adipocytes, pericytes, mast, plasma, macrophages, pigment

• irregularly shaped w/ multiple processe (+vessels)
• usually found dajacent to blood vessels
• most when embryo
• differentiate into any other type of connective tissue

• most common and responsible for the synthesis of fibers and intercellular ground substance
• wound repair
• active: fibroblast has long and branched cytoplasm processes. its nucleus is ovid and euchromatic and its cytoplasm is rich in RER and golgi
• quiescent resting): fibrocyte

• fibroblasts that contain actin filament; play role in contraction during wound healing
• acetelcholine for contraction
• Autonomic NS

• stellate-shaped, spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm - produce reticular fibers
• fine fibers not for healing

• unilocular: adipocytes are filled with large lipid droplets and nucleus is displaced to the periphery (1 big droplet)
• multiocular: adiposytes (brown fat) have a centrally located nucleus with multiple lipid droplets and high concentrations of mitochondria in cytoplasm
• -active fat, keeps body warm, babies and hybernation, in neck and abdomin

• elongated cells located adjacent to the endothelium lining small blood vessels. contain actin and myosin and have potential to change into other cells and participate in healing process
• ex-fibroblast

• heparin and histamin production
• common in loose CT, abundant in blood vessels, large polymorphic, spherical or ovoid cells, contain numerous secretory granules in the cytoplasm

• spherical or ovoid cells with spherical eccentric nucleus
• arrangement of chromatin gives nucleus a cart wheel like appearance
• cytoplasm is intensely basophilic
• abundant in lymphatic tissue and lamina propria of the GI
• develop from B-lymphocytes and produce anitbodies
• lots of RER, ribosomes to produce proteins

• phagocytic cells, derived from monocytes that migrate across the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue
• large, ovoid or spherical cells that contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous lysosomes

dermis uterine caruncles, iris, choroid

cells containing pigment (melanin)

lymphocytes, monocytes and granulosytes (blood cells)

migrate through the wall of the capillaries to the connective tissue

tendon, ligament, organ capsule

• most abundant in mature CT and composed of fibrous protein (collagen)
• strong, flexible, inelastic
• wavy arrangement
• healing and strength

framework for liver, endocrine and lymphatic organs

• delicate flexible networks around capillaries, muscle fibers and nerve
• individual collagen fibrils (type lll colagen) coated with proteoglycans and glycoproteins

aorta, muscular arteries, nuchal ligament, pinna, lungs

• present in structures that require elasticity
• individaul, branching, or coiled fibers
• composed of elastin protein covered by glycoprotein (fibrillin)

cells are fibers of CT are embedded in an amporphous ground substance composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans

• hyaluronic acid in vitreous body of eye and synovial fluid
• chondroitin sulphate in cartilage, bone, and large bolld vessels
• dermatin sulphate in tendons and ligaments
• keratin sulphate in cartilage and bones
• heparin sulphate in arteries and lungs

formed by covalently linking GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) to a protein core

• mesenchymal
• mucous or gelatinous

• loose or areolar CT
• dense
• elastic
• reticular
• adipose

• cartilage
• bone

• is composed of mesechymal cells and amorphous fluid-filled ground substance
• cell processes contact adacent cells to form a three dimensional network
• gives rise to various types of adult connective tissue

• unbilical cord in embryo and papillae of omasal laminae and reticular fold and bovine glans penis
• stellate fibroblasts and viscous, gel like amorphous ground substance with collagen fibers

• found beneath epithelium (lamina propria, hypodermis) around blood vessels and nerves and in serous membranes
• ground substance predonimates
• many scattered cells of various types
• loose network of fine collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers

• below loose CT
• mainly composed of thick collagenous fibers and few fibroblast cells
• dense irregular CT: in capsules of the organs, deep layer of the dermis
• dense regular CT:in tendons, ligaments, sponeurosis

• nuchal ligament and vocal ligament
• numerous regularly and irregularly arranged elastic fibers

• lymphatic organs, endocrine glands, spleen, lymph node, liver
• stroma(support) and aprachyma(function)
• composed of numerous reticular cells and a network of reticular fibers

• consistes of adipocytes within the loose CT of mesentaries, around blood vessels and nerves
• white and brown
• nucleus is pused on side

• consists of chondroblasts and chondrocytes and matrix,
• lacks blood vessels = does not heal
• have lacuna
• always growing
• different ground substance (mineral & hard)
• 3 types - elastic, hyalin, & fibrocartilage

• oval shaped with a spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm
• form matrix of cartilage and are found in the growing cartilage
• functional cell that does not shrink and produces cartilage

• located in a lacuna and has a shperical nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm
• cell fills the lacuna by short cytoplasmic process
• (resting)

• fibers and ground substance containing proteoglycans and GAGs - chondronectin sulfate, keratin sulphate and hyaluronic acid
• adhesive molecules - chondronectin and fibronectin
• matrix shows marked metachromasia
• lacks vessels

articular surfaces of bones, nose and trachea

• chondrocytes occur singly in a lacuna or in clusters called isogenous groups
• amorphus ground substance is a firm gel-laced with type ll colagen fibers - dark staining GAGs and pale interterritorial matrix
• surrounded by perichondrium, outer fibrous layer(collagen (fibers and fibroblasts)and an inner cellular or chondrogenic layer (chondroblast)

• pinna and epiglottis
• large amount of elastic fibers in ground substance
• similar to hyaline
• visible fibers
• perichondrium = fibroblasts/chondroblasts

intervertibral disks and menisci

• presence of prominent type l collagen fibers in matrix
• lacks perichondrium, surrounded by colagen fibers

• specialized CT w/ intercellular calcified material (matrix) and 3 cell types - osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts
• organic - soft part of bone, gelatin
• inorganic - Ca/P hard part

• columnar or squamous located on surface of bone
• nucleus in basal region of intensely basophilic cytoplasm
• secretes osteoids (organic matter of bony matrix) which is subsiquently calcified by the deposition of calcium salts from blood
• periosteum - fibrous and osteogenic layer
• cuboidal on surface secretes matrix

• from osteoblasts
• lines a lacuna, surrounded by calcified interstitial matrix
• numerous long processes extend into the canaliculi within the matrix and make contact with adjacent osteocytes

• large multinucleated cell located in the area of bone resorption or remodeling
• activated osteoclast has a ruffled border created by extensive infolding of the cell membrane
• secretes acid and lysosomal enzymes for bone resorption

• organic matter: containing sulphated GAG's glycoprotein and type l collagen fibers, coursig in a spiral direction
• inorganic matter: Ca/P are abundant but bicarbinate, citrate, magnesium, K and Na there too
• Ca/P form hydroxyapatite crystals deposited as slender needles with the collagen network

• fibrous and osteogenic layers (osteoblasts)
• absent on articular surfaces and attachements
• outer covering of bone
• collagen fibers from the fibrous layer ofthe periosteum, tendons and ligaments are embedded in the bone matrix as perforating fibers (sharpey's)

lines the marrow cavity with a sinlge layer of squamous cells, osteoblast and osteoclasts

• delicate bony plates and spicules, which run in various directions
• interior of the epiphysis
• no osteons

• osteons(haversian systems), outer and inner circumferential lamellae and interstitial lamellae
• osteon: central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae, surrounded by cementing substances tha consist of mineralized matrix with a few collagen fibers
• perforating canals connect the central canals
• central canal contains blood vessels, nerves and loose CT,
• concentric lamellae are collagen fibers arranged concentrically around the central canal
• lacunae containing osteocytes are found between the lamellae

• intramembraneous ossification (skull bones)
• intracartilaginous or endochondral ossification (appendicular skeleton, vertebrall column and bones of the base of the skull

• contractibility and produces organized movement on contraction
• specialized cells are myocytes(muscle fibers or myofibers)
• cytoplasm(sarcoplasm) is eosinophilic b/c of numerous myofilaments

• striated and voluntary
• muscles attached to bones of the skeleton
• multinucleated, strong, quick action

• striated and involuntary
• muscles of the walls of the heart
• intercalated discs, strong and quick involuntray movement

• walls of most viscera
• wall of GI, uterus, bladder
• weak slow involuntary contractions
• non-striated and involuntary

• myoctes(fibers) elongated cells that range from 10-110um in diameter and 50 cm in length
• -derived from prenatal fusion of mononuclear myoblasts
• multiple oval nuclei located peripherally
• each muscle cell contains myofibrils(thick and thin myofilaments) aligned in a longitudinal direction
• thick filament- myosin
• thin filament- actin (troponin, and tropomyosin)

• thick and thin overlap in darker A band (anisotropic), lighter zone in the center (H band) that is bisected by M line
• thin only: myofilaments are present in the lighter l band (isotropic), bissected by Z line
• bands alternate for striation
• sacromere: smallest unit of the contractile apparatus, between 2 Z lines
• sarcoplasm: smooth ER, glycogen, mitochondria, and myoglobin it is covered by the sarcolemma(cell membrane)

• each fiber surrounded by basal lamina and reticular fibers (endomysium)
• each bundle of fibers (fascicle) is surrounded by dense irregular CT (perimysium)
• muscle is surrounded by dense irregular CT (epimysium)

• spindle shaped cells with heterochromatic nuclei, located adjacent to the myocytes
• represent inactive myoblasts that can be activated upon injury to initiate some regerenation of muscle fibers

• red: slow twitch, smaller and rich in myoglobin and mitochondria
• white: fast twitch, larger with few mitochondria

• no regeneration = myocardial scar
• myocytes (fibers) branch at anastomose
• single nucleus is located in the center of the cell and the sarcoplasm is acidophilic
• intercalated disks: is present at the junction of the adjacent cells, link adjacent cells mechanically, electrically creating syncitium
• fine reticular and collagenous fibers surrounds each cardiac muscle fiber
• myofibril arrangement is similar to that of skeletal muscle
• striations less prominent
• purkinje fibers: impulse conducting, central nucleus, surrounded by granular (rich glycogen sarcoplasm), myofibrils are fewer and located in the peripheral portion, modified cardiac muscle for impluse

• elongated, spindle-shaped with a single centrally located nucleus and an acidophilic cytoplasm
• myocytes surrounded by reticular fibers (made from the myocytes)
• cytoplasm contain numerous thin myofilaments (actin and tropomyosin) few thick (myosin) - not arranged
• dense bodies: cytoplasm and cell membranse serve as anchor sites for the myofilaments, intermediate bodies further link the dense bodies into a meshwork array
• numerous vesicles along cell membrane for Ca transport

regulates animal's ability to respond appropriately to changes in its environment

• nervous tissue: neurons and supportive cells (neuroglia)
• CNS: brain and spinal cord
• PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
• ANS: innervates visceral organs
• Meninges: layers that surround the central nervous system and roots the periphersl nerves
• cerebrospinal fluid: present in cavities of the brain and spinal cord and in the space within the meninges

• structural and functional units of the nervous system
• composed of nerve cell body(perikaryon) and neuronal processes (axon and dendrites)
• afferent: receive and transmit info from environment to CNS
• efferent: transmit info generated in the CNS to the periphery
• synaptic terminals release neurotransmiters

• neurons have one axon and several dendrites
• most common in brain, spinal cord, ANS

• cells of retina, inner ear
• neurons have one axon and one dendrite

• sensory ganglia
• one axon that bifurcates into central and peripheral branches
• aka - pseudopolar neuron

• nucleus: central, ovid, euchromatic (highly active),
• barr body: sex chromatin, may be evident by nucleolus
• eccentrically placed nucleus in the neurons of autonomic ganglia
• prominent nucleus
• cytoplasm: chromatophilic substance (nissl substance - aggregation of RER and ribos, not in white matter), neurofilaments( cytoskeleton), microtubules (rapid transportof membrane bound organelles), promient golgi complex (secretes neurotransmitter and neurohormones), numerous mito and lipouscin pigemts

• highly branched to receive numerous synaptic contacts from other neurons
• cytoplasm similar to cell body w/o golgi
• dendritic spines on some( gemmules) membrane sac containing dense material
• synaptic sites: thick band of electron dense material associated w/ plasmalemma, dense material represents protein for postsynaptic activity

• sites where contact occurs between 2 neurons or between neurons and other effector cells
• muscles and glands
• formed by a presynaptic terminal(telodendron), synaptic cleft(intercellular space), and post synaptic terminal on dendrites (gemmules)

• axo-somatic (axon with nerve cell bodies)
• axo-dendritic(axon with dendrite)
• axo-axonic(axon with axon)

• long cytoplasmic process from hillock of cell body and ends at terminal branches(telodendrites)
• cytoplasm- no chromatophilic substance
• terminal branch ends in the terminal bulb, neurotransmitter molecules are packaged and stored w/in a synaptic vesicle
• terminal branches- may contain secretory vesiclesthat store neuromodulators(aument neurotransmitter effect) and neurohormones (oxytocin and vasopressin in hypothalamic neurons

• structure and support
• CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells, microglial cells are derived from mesoderm wheras other cells are derived from neural ectoderm
• PNS: neurolemmocytes (schwann cells) myelinate axons and become a satellite cell in ganglia, derived from neural crest

• largest and most numerous
• star-shaped with multiple radiating processes that contain glial filaments
• structural support by binding neurons to capillaries and to the pia mater
• white matter: long, slender, and moderately branched processes (fibrous astrocytes)
• grey matter: shorter and highly branched and termed protoplasmic astrocytes
• processes terminate in an expanson called "end feet" which cover the endothelium of blood vessels within the brain and spinal cord and form the blood brain barrier, electrolyte balance

few small processes that wrap around the axons in the CNS, producing myelin sheath which provides electrical insulation for neurons in CNS, mostly in white matter

• located around axons in the PNS, and rpoduce myelin sheath
• sheaths are interupted at the junction of adjacent neurolemmocytes, forming uninsulated sites called nodes of Ranvier
• myelin sheath between nodes is an internode

• small elongated cells with elongated chromatophilic nucleus and short irregular processes
• phagocytic cells from bone marrow, in matter

• ciliated, cuboidal or columnar cells, lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
• facilitate movement of cerebrospinal fluid
• choroid plexus epithelium is dervied from the ependymal cells and produce cerebrospinal fluid
• lining of spinal cord

• aggreagtes of nerve cell bodies alon the course of perifpheral nerves, support connective tissue
• nerve cell bodies outside of CNS

• associated with cranial nerves (cranial ganglia) or with the dorsal root spinal nerve(spinal ganglia)
• Unipolar: neurons with a single axon, bifurcating into central and peripheral banches
• Ganglionic gliocytes(satellite cells): tightly encapsulates cell body

• nerve: axon envelopedby neurolemmocytes and surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue fibers, endoneurium
• nerve fibers organized into fascicles enveloped by collagenous connective tissue Perineurium
• Epineurium: multiple fascicles of a nerve are bound together by connective tissue (outer dense irregular)
• afferent and efferent neurons
• afferent to grey matter
• efferent away from grey matter

multipolar nerve cell bodies along the course of autonomic nerves, eccentric nuclei, marginally distrubted Nissle granules and are loosely encapsulated by ganglionic gliocytes

• Location: Exteroreceptors-body surface, enteroreceptors-viscera, proprioceptors-musculoskeleton structures
• Stimulus: mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors
• Anatomically: nonencapsulated receptors - tactile corpuscles
• encapsulated - encapsulated tactile (meissner's) corpuscles, Lamellar (paccinian) corpuscles, Bulbous(Krause's) genital corpuscles, neurotendinous and neuromuscular spindles

• dura mater(pachymenix)
• arachnoid and pia mater ar ecollectively termed leptomeninges
• epidural space (spine)
• Subarachnoid space (trabecule)
• CSF: produced by choroid plexuses in ventricles by exciting through the lateral aperture it enters the subarachnoid space, physical protection to the brain and spinal cord

• presynaptic neuronal end plate overlaying a postsynaptic muscle sole plate in the mid region of the muscle fiber
• Motor end plate: formed by short branches w/in a circumscribed zone (plate) at the end of one terminal branch of an efferent neuron, each plate plies in the corresponding trough of the muscle sole plate 40-50um gap
• acetycholine: from motor end plate cytoplasm has many mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, released at active sites, diffusion across the neuromusclar gap and binds to postsynaptic receptor site, leads to muscle depolarization

• Spinal cord - grey matter(nerve cell bodies)
• ventral horn-efferent neurons
• dorsal horn-interneurons
• lateral horn- sympathetic neurons
• white matter - dorsal, ventral and lateral funiculi, ascending and descending tracts
• central canal lined by ependymal cells
• dorsal median septum and ventral median fissure

• gyri and sulci, six layers in grey matter
• 1.molecular layer - processes of stellate or pyramidal neurons arranged tangentially
• 2.external granular layer - small pyramidal neurons
• 3.external pyramidal layer - small and medium pyramidal neurons
• 4.internal granular layer - small stellate neurons
• 5.internal pyramidal layer - medium to large pyramidal neurons that send axons into the white matter
• 6.fusiform layer - many spindle shaped neurons
• white matter - composed of nerve fibers going to and coming from the cortex

• outer grey and inner white matter arranged in a highly folded structure Folia
• 3 layers - outer molecular layer: neuropil arranged horicontally
• inner granular layer - densely packed small neurons with intensely stained nuclei
• intermediate Purkinji cell layer: single layer of piniform cells, which send their ramified dendrites into the molecular layer, and axons into the white matter
• white matter - nerve fibers of the cortex

• injured - nissle bodies move to site, nerve fiber distal to injury degerates, muscle fiber atrophy
• regeneration - schwann cells proliferated (forming myelin) axon grows, muscle fiber atrophied
• finished - muscle fibers regenerated, nissle bodies return to neuronal cell bodies

• consists of and outer and inner electron-dense lamina, and a electro-lucent intermediate lamina
• proteins associated with the lipid bilayer may be integral transmembrane protein or peripheral membrane protein
• glycocalyn coat is present in the external leaflet of the cell membrane

• SRE - steroid hormone synthesis
• Lysosomes - phagocytosis
• Ribosomes - protein synthesis

• simple columnar - intestine
• transitional - urinary bladder
• simple cuboidal - thyroid gland

cardiac muscle

• endosteum lines the marrow cavity of the long bone
• epiphyseal cartilage is present between epiphysus and diaphysis
• epiphyseal cartilage undergoes ossification as an ageing process

• chondroitin sulphate
• chondrocyte cells
• chondroblast cells

retina of the eye

fibroelastic cartilage

• sharpey's fibers connect the tendon with the bone
• the spongy bone is present in the interior of the epiphysis of the long bone
• central canals of the adjacent osteons are connected by the perforating canal

axons

mitochondria

mast cell

cow

kidney glomerulus

• monocytes are precursors of tissue macrophages
• lymphocytes are responsible for antibody production
• thrombocytes have major role in blood coagulation

• B Lymphocytes are differentiated in the bone marrow
• lymphocytes, macrophage and plasma cells mainly constitute the parenchyma
• reticular cells and fibers form the stroma of the lymphoid organ

• bronchi - pseudostratified
• bronchiole - simple columnar
• alveoli - simple squamous

cow

Omasum

• hepatic a
• portal v
• bile duct
• D lymphatic

• margoplicatus - horse
• dental pad - cow
• lyssa - dog

• villi
• paneth cells
• goblet cells

• sertoli cell - testi
• mesangial cell - glomerulus
• Kupffer cell - liver

• glisson's capsule - liver
• peyer's patches - ileum
• crypt of lieberkuhn - SI

• glomerular epi
• glomerular basement membrane
• visceral layer of the bowman's capsule
• none of the above (correct answer)

glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

theca cells

a group of granulosa cells which hold primary oocyte in the mature follicle

• caruncle - uterus of cow
• endometrial cups - uterus of mare
• interestitial endocrine cells - ovary of bitch

• vagina - stratified squamous
• uterus - simple columnar
• epididymis - pseudostratified columnar

• oxytocin - hypothalamus
• melanocyte stimulating hormone - pars intermedia
• follicle stimulating hormone - pars distalis

• chromaffin - epinephrine
• B cells of the pancreatic islets - insulin
• parafolicular cells - calcitonin

stratum granulosum

hair matrix

• macula utriculi
• macula sacculi
• crista ampullaris

outer nuclear layer