BSCI106 exam 3

idea that evolution is not true because there is no such thing as an eye without all of its parts for example.

• adaption evolved for a different use
• ex: human leg from lizards, antennae, trans-membrane channels
• NOTE: ADH- allowed digestion of alcohol then became lens of eye

• evolution is not occuring because
• 1- mutation isn't occuring
• 2- natural selection isn't occuring
• 3- infinitely large population
• 4- all members of the population breed
• 5- all mating is totaly random
• 6- everyone has same number of offspring
• 7- no migration/immigration

• p=1
• p= frequency of dominant allele
• q=frequency of recessive allele
• = frequency of dominant, recessive genotype

change in an allele frequency in a population over time

• change to DNA base pairs/ change in genetic material not caused by recombination
• - humans have 100-200 new ones
• - most are corrected by error checking enzymes
• - most significant mutations happen in regulatory parts of genes
• - random

• no affect on fitness
• - non synonymous mutations are also neutral
• - good before but useless now

-looking for spices

• random chance change of allele frequencies
• - population bottleneck
• - sampling error ( sometimes individuals reproduce due to chance)
• - coincidence, natural disaster
• - damaged fitness

migration of individuals and gamete dispersal

allele is the only variant that exists in the population for that gene

• the rate at which mutations occur over time
• measured in changes per base pair

• - Pennsylvania Amish population
• - small population with low genetic diversity colonizes a new area in isolation
• - results in a very low genetic diversity of the new population
• -uncommon disorders become common

when two carriers of recessive disorders reproduce and produce offspring with that disorder

• - mutation
• - trade offs of same /different traits
• - hidden recessives that are passed on without being expressed

• benefit comes at a cost, finds a balance between two
• - brca gene increases fertility but with a higher risk of cancer

• - dominant are hard to get out
• - recesive not a huge worry
• - any dominant disease- only needs one dom. allele

• SS- fine
• Ss- carrier (small amount of disease/ resistant to malaria)
• ss- diseased

example of heterozygote advantage

different allele conditions in different conditions balance out via selection

subpopulations in different areas, fragmented from whole population will have different fitness values

seasons have different fitness influences

only genotypes alone in population

based on rarity

self fertilization is not possible, promotes intercourse and diversity

• not as much variation
• gene flow
• physical laws
• evolution only works with what exists, nothing new

• all female population that clones
• once had males because of coital impersonating

punnet square of whole gene pool

coral reefs do mate almost randomly

• little impact on fitness
• temporal/spatial variation
• old age
• somatic mutations

• mutations only in body cells that do not get passed down to offspring
• Ex: barry bonds steroid abuse

do get passed down

1/N

1/2N

• trade-offs- too much armor slows you down
• ancestry- strange solutions stay if they are good enough to increase relative fitness

• grandbabies!
• not long term gain of species

• does not change based on selection because:
• 1) too risky (testicles)
• 2)not inherently bad so no need to change
• Ex: testicular structure because 4 legs were actually meant to protect it

population size

change in individual populations (evolution) but alleles themselves are fixed or lost in different populations

rate of mutations/rate lost