-
an enzyme present in high concentration in the liver and measuredto assess liver function; formerly called SGPT
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
-
the most abundant protein in normal plasma; a homogeneous group of plasma proteins that aremade in the liver and help maintain osmotic balance
albumins
-
an enzyme widely distributed in the body, especially in the liver and bone
alkaline phosphatase (ALP or AP)
-
a chemical substance that is the subject of chemical analysis
analyte
-
a negatively charged ion
anion
-
an enzyme present in many tissues, including cardiac, muscle, and liver,and measured to assess liver function; formerly called SGOT
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
-
a product formed in the liver from the breakdown of hemoglobin
bilirubin
-
a test measuring urea nitrogen in blood
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
-
a peptide hormone released primarily from the ventricles of the heart and used as a marker for cardiac function
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-
disease of the heart and blood vessels resulting from a variety of causes
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
-
a positively charged ion
cation
-
a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart; also called coronary artery disease (CAD)
coronary heart disease (CHD
-
one of the acute phase proteins found in plasma in inflammation
C-reactive protein (CRP)
-
an enzyme present in large amounts in brain tissue and heart and skeletal muscle and a formof which is measured to aid in diagnosing heart attack
creatine kinase (CK)
-
a breakdown product of creatine that is normally excreted in the urine
creatinine
-
the cations and anions important in maintaining fluid and acid–base balance
electrolytes
-
an enzyme present in liver, kidney, pancreas, and prostate, and measured to assess liver function
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
-
a heterogeneous group of serum proteins with varied functions
globulins
-
an estimation of how much blood passes through the glomeruli per unit of time(minute); an estimate of the number of functioning nephrons made by using the rate at which molecules suchas creatinine and urea are filtered by the kidneys
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
-
a painful condition in which blood uric acid is elevated and urates precipitate in joints
gout
-
high-density lipoprotein fraction of blood cholesterol; good cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
-
the tendency toward steady state or equilibrium of body processes
homeostasis
-
an amino acid, elevated blood levels of which are associated with increased risk for vascular and cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
-
blood calcium levels above normal
hypercalcemia
-
excessive amount of fat in the blood
hyperlipidemia
-
excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland; excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
-
marked decrease in serum albumin concentration
hypoalbuminemia
-
blood calcium levels below normal
hypocalcemia
-
underactive function of the thyroid gland; abnormally low production of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
-
an enzyme widely distributed in the body and measured to assess liver function
lactate dehydrogenase
-
low-density lipoprotein fraction of blood cholesterol; bad cholesterol
LDL cholesterol
-
any one of a group of fats or fat-like substances
lipids
-
a hormone that is synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland and regulatesthe activity of the thyroid gland; thyrotropin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-
a thyroid hormone, commonly called T4
thyroxine
-
the major storage form of lipids; lipid molecules formed from glycerol and fatty acids
triglycerides
-
one of the thyroid hormones, commonly called T3
triiodothyronine
-
intracellular proteins that are present in skeletal and heart muscle and are released when muscleis injured
troponins
-
a breakdown product of nucleic acids
uric acid
-
very low density lipoprotein fraction of blood cholesterol
VLDL cholesterol
-
The most common specimens for chemical analysis are?
blood andurine.
-
tests that are frequently ordered,
routine
-
give an example of routine test
glucose or a chemistryprofile
-
Tests that are ordered less frequently, such as hormones or certain drug levels refereed to as?
special tests.
-
what is measured in Kidney ( Renal) panel?
- GFR
- Glucose
- Creatinine
- Electrolytes
- BUN
(GG CEB)
-
what tests are included in Lipid panel?
- total cholesterol
- Cholesterol fractions (HDL, LDL, VLDL)
- Triglycerides
-
what tests are included in Cardiac panel?
- Troponin
- BMP
- CK-MB
- hs-CRP
- Homocysteine
-
what tests are included in LIVER (HEPATIC) panel?
- Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LD)
- Bilirubin
- Albumin
- Total protein
(TABLE)
-
what tests are included in THYROID panel?
- T3
- T4
- TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
-
Two major groups of serum proteins are
Albumins comprise approximately 60% of globulins, about 40%.
-
The reference range for total serum protein is?
6.0 to 8.0 g/dL (60 to 80 g/L)
-
Protein is most commonly measured in ______, but it can also be measured in both ___________, where the concentration is normally low.
-
The reference range for serum albumin is
3.8 to 5.0 g/dL(38–50 g/L)
-
how can you calculate globulin concentration?
total protein – albumin = globulin
-
major cations in the body are?
sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+),
-
major anions in the body are
chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–).
-
cation and anion with the highest serum concentration is? what are their ranges?
- Sodium 135 to 148 mmol/L
- Chloride is 98 to 108 mmol/L
-
The reference range for serum potassium and bicarbonate are?
- potassium is 3.8 to 5.5 mmol/L.
- bicarbonate reference range (measured as total CO2)is 22 to 28 mmol/L
-
minerals often measured in chemistry profiles
Calcium, phosphorus(phosphate), and iron
-
The reference range for ionized serum calcium is?
4.6 to5.3 mg/dL
-
Of all the minerals in thebody, _______ is present in the highest concentration
calcium
-
The calcium balance is influenced by?
- vitamin D3,
- parathyroid hormone,
- estrogen,
- calcitonin
-
Serum iron is normally
65 to 165 μg/dL
-
The reference range for serum creatinine is
0.7 to 1.4 mg/dL (62 to 125 μmol/L).
-
The reference range for serum glucose is
70 to 110 mg/dL
-
Serum triglyceride reference values range from
10 to 190 mg/dL
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