what are the two phases of the postoperative program after amputation?
phase 1: post surgical; from surgery -> fitting of prosthesis
phase 2: prosthetic phase; learning to use the permanent replacement limb
what are some of the goals for the postoperative phase after amputation?
I bed mob & t/f
I with wc and self care
demo proper residual limb positioning, bandaging and care
mod-min A short distance gait with walker or crutches
what are the post op dressings used mainly for?
edema control
how would you instruct a patient to wrap their residual limb?
start at the top and pull down in a diagnal direction and wrap around the back in a figure 8 shape putting more tension at the bottom. Make sure to cover every inch of skin and that there are no wrinkles in the elastic.
how would a patient typically describe their phantom limb pain?
tingling, burning, itching, pressure, cramping, squeezing, shooting or burning pain
up to ______% of amputees complain of phantom limb pain
80
what are some other considerations to have when treating amputees?
functional status
emotional status
financial status
family support
your treatment with an amputee would include what kind of activities?
residual limb care and wrapping
shrinkers
positioning
management of contractures
ther ex
what is the purpose of a partial foot prosthesis?
restore as much of the foot function as possible
simulate as much of the shape of the missing foot segment
what do transtibial and symes prosthesis have in common?
both retain the natural knee, motor and sensory function
what are the basic componets of a transtibial and symes prosthesis?
foot-ankle assembly
rotators
shank
socket
what is the difference between an articulated and non-articulated prosthesis?
the articulated has an ankle joint
there is some movement with the nonarticulated, but there is more with the articulated which makes it better to the younger, more active populatin
why is the nonarticulated prosthesis more popular?
lighter, more durable, more attractive
some even fit high heel shoes
what are the 3 types foot prosthetics?
SACH: solid ankle cushion heel
SAFE: stationary attachment flexibe endoskeleton
carbon copy II: funny skis
which type is the most popular foot prosthetic?
SACH
comes in a wide array of sizes
allows for minimal medal lateral motions
what is the differences between the SACH and SAFE foot?
the safe allows for more medial lateral motion, is heavier, and more expensive
the foot assembly is chosen with what three things to consider?
patients age and lifestyle/activity level
weight
length of residual limb
what are the rotators?
component placed above the prosthetic foot to absorb shock in the transverse plane
protects skin from chafing
mostly used by very active individuals
what is the shank?
sub for the leg
what are the two types of shanks?
exoskeletal (crustacean)
endoskeletal (modular)
why do symes prothesis not have a shank?
describe an exoskeltal shank
made of wood or rigid plastic
simulates the look of a lower leg
very durable, water proof
dont permit for changes in angulation > less prescribed
describe and endoskeletal shank
made of central aluminum pylon
cosmetic cover to appear like the natural lower leg
angulation abilities, more comfort and easier to walk with
what is the socket?
receptacle where the amputated limb sits
how the socket designed?
contact all portions of the amputated limb which allows for maximal load distribution
what is a lined socket?
foam liner that cushions the residual limb
is removable and insulates heat
how would you make an unlined socket more comfortable?
liner socks and cushion placed at the bottom of the socket
what are the 5 different ways of suspending the prosthesis?
cuffs
rubber sleeve: need strong hands and no excessive adipose
brim variants: supracondylar suspension
thigh corset: increases frontal plane stability, prone to pistioning
sheath with distal metal pin: very secure
what is the most commonly used foot with the transfemoral prosthetic?
sach
what are the 4 main features of the knee joint replacement?
axis
friction mechanism
extension aid
mechanical stabilizer
not all knees have all 4
what is the purpose of the knee joint replacement?
allows the patient to bend during sitting and kneeling
allows for knee flexion during the later stance phase throughout swing phase
what is the knee axis?
connects the thigh piece to the shank
what is the most common type of knee axis?
single
what is the friction mechanism of the knee?
changes the knee swing by modifying the speed of knee motion during swing phase according to the walking speed
what happens if the knee friction is not modulated?
excessive knee flexion at the beginning of swing phase and vice versa
what is the extension aid of the knee?
mechanism to assist knee extension during the latter part of swing phase
Do most knee's have stabilizers?
no
what do the knees depend on for stabilization mostly?
hip musculature
what is suction suspension?
atmospheric pressure causes the socket to remain on the thigh.
what are the two grades of suction suspension?
total: maximal control
partial: wearer uses socks and an external suspension aid
when might you see the patient for physical therapy due to amputation?
pre amputation (if available) and post amputation
what do you examine the prosthesis for once the patient receives it?
fit and function in standing and gait
what does the prosthetic training include?
socks and sheaths
donning and doffing
balance
gait
transfers, curbs, ramps
pt education & skin inspection
what are the three tunics of the blood vessles?
tunica adventitia: outer most
tunica media: middle
tunica intima: inner most
what are the three types of arteries?
large elastic
medium muscular
small arteries and arterioles
describe large arteries
elastic
receive blood from the ventricles and pumps it to the medium arteries
ex: aorta
describe medium arteries
distributing arteries
walls consist of circular smooth muscle
have the ablility to vasocontstrict
ex: brachial, femoral
describe small arteries and arterioles
have narrow lumnia and thick muscular walls
have no name and arterioles can only be seen under a microscope
what is the difference between veins and arteries when it comes to their tunics?
tunica media is thinner in the companion veins
do veins pulsate or spurt blood when severed?
nope
what are the three types of veins?
venules
medium
large
describe the venules
smallest veins that drain capillary beds that join similar vessles to form small veins that form venous plexuses
describe medium veins
accompany medium arteries (which they are named after) and drain venous plexuses
in the limbs that contain venous valves that pump blood towards the heart
describe a large vein
wide bundles of longtiduinal smooth muscle and well developed tunica adeventita
T/F: there are more arteries than veins.
T/F: the walls of veins are thinner than arteries, but veins are bigger than arteries
1: false
2: true
what are simple endothelial tubes connecting the arterial and venous circulation and are arranged in beds/networks
blood capillaries
what is the purpose of capillary beds?
allow for the exchange of materials in the extracellular space
what is an "over flow system" for surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins in the extracellular space that is responsible for removal of debris form cellular breakdown and infection and is essential for survival?
lymphatic capillaries that origninate in extracellular space of most tissues that are formed by endothelium and are lacking a basement membrane
describe the lymph vessels
body wide network of thin walled vessles that contain valves which give lymph the beaded like appearance and they appear everywhere blood capillaries are found
what is lymph fluid
"blood plasma of the immune system"
what are the lymph nodes?
small mases of lymphatic tissue along the course of the lymph vessles that filters lymph on its way to the venous system
what are circulating immune cells?
lymphocytes
what are the lymph organs?
organs that produce lymphocytes
thymus, red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils
what is insulin?
hormone produced in the pancreas that normally maintains balanced blood glucose level
what is IDDM?
insulin dependent DM
10% of pop
type 1; juvenile
absolute deficiency in insulin
what is NIDDM?
non insulin dependent DM
90% of pop (80% overweight)
type 2; adult
resistance to insulin action
DM is the leading cause for what two pathologies?
blindness and renal failure
DM can cause what other pathologies?
heart disease
stroke
kidney disease
blindness
amputation
what type of neuropathies can a DM patient develop?
what are some of the safety concerns for DM patients?
higher incidence of injuries
heal slower
poor vision
ulcers due to neuopathy
hypo/hyper-glycemia
what is insulin shock or too much insulin?
hypoglycemia
what would a patient that was hypoglycemic present like?
c/o feeling "faint"
shaky
confused
clammy skin
what would you do for a patient who was hypoglcemic?
provide carb snack like fruit juice, honey, hard candy
what also might cause hypoglycemia?
overdoes of insulin
late or skipped meal
over exercise
what is hyperglycemia?
too little insulin; diabetic comea
what might also cause hyperglycemia?
skipped or delayed insulin injection or too much food
how would a hyperglycemic patient present?
dehydrated, intense thirst, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, deep and slow breathing, fruity breath, red and dry skin
what are some of the precautions for working with a diabetic patient?
obeserve for s/s of problems
be aware of food intake and insulin adminstration prior to treatment
at least one hour after meal
replace fluid loss adequately
take glucose q 30min
how would instruct a DM patient on foot self care?
daily inspection
proper footwear
minimize trauma (no barefoot, flip flops or hot cement)
maintain strength (pen pennies)
what are some other things you would want to educate your DM patient on?
burn precautions with local heat
any heat accelerates the rate of insulin absorption; no heat before 15 min after insulin
what is young-old?
65-74
what is middle old?
75-84
what is oldest old?
85+
the branch of medicine that treats all problems perculiar to old age and the aging, including the problems of senescence and senility
geriatrics
the scientific study of the problems of aging in all their aspects; clinical, biological, historical, and sociological
gerontology
the gradual changes in the structure of any organism that occur with the passage of time that do not result form disease or other gross accidents and eventually lead to the increased probability of death
aging
older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or tother other infirmity; those who require help
frail elders
prejudice or discrimination against people of a particular age and especially older adults
ageism
the observed age at death of an indvidual
life span
the highest documented age was ______ and her name was?
122
Mme. Jeanne Calment of Aries France
the number of years based on stastical averages that a given person of a secific age or class may reasonably expect to continue living; the average number of years from birth that an individual can expect to live
life expectancy
a diseased condition or state; the incidence or prevelance of disease or of all diseases in a population, the relative incidence of disease
morbidity
the quality or state of being mortal; death the number of deaths in a given time or place; the proportion of deaths to population
mortality
the presence of coexisting or additional diseases with reference to an additional diagnosis with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study.
comorbidity
what theory believes that aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development
programmed theories
what theory believes that environmental assaults to our systems gradually cause things to go wrong.
damage or error theories
aging causes the body to respond differently to what?
disease
medications
changes in the environment
what are some of the concerns with aging?
co-morbidities
polypharmacy
living longer with cardiac disease, DM or other chronic disease
cognitive changes
on average, a 75 y/o has ____ chronic medical conditions and take ____ Rx.
3
5
what are some of the age related changes that can affect the nurtiritinal status of your patient?
decreased saliva
poor dentation
decrements of taste and olfaction
gastromucosal atrophy
reduced intestional mobility
what is sarcopenia?
age related loss of lean muscle mass
why is obesity common in the older adult?
decreased activity, medication, poor diet
can also be impacted by arthritis, HTN, heart disease, and DM
what type of diet should the older adult consume?
nutrient rich, higher quality diet
how can medications affect the nutritional status of the older adult?
impact on appetite
absorption
metabolism
excretion of nutrients
what are some of the cognitive changes the older adult may have to face?
problem solving declines with age, may be due to educational level and fluid intelligence
encoding and retrieval problems cause memory difficulties
short term memory stores seem to have a limited capacity whereas long term memory stores have unlimited capacity
what are the major risk factors for cognitive changes in the older adult?
age
genetics
family history
lifestyle
how can we slow down the cognitive decline in older adults?
nutrition and supplemntation
-15-20% fat diet
vitamin E, DHA, ginkgo,
Stress management
how can we maintain cognitive abilites in the older adult?
exercise:ncreases blood flow and releases endorphins
perscriptions
brain exercise: neuorplasticity
what can we do to improve the cognitive performance of a older patient?
orderly environment
simple, concrete instructions
appropriate rate
meaningful tasks
ample time for practice and repetition
T/F: sudden loss of mental acuity may be due to acute illness, infection, MI, or CVA
true
what are some of the condtions that can cause reversible dementia?
drug reactions
dehydration
depression
infections
malnutrition
post trauma/surgery
what are some of the things you would see if your patient was experenceing a congnitive decline?
changes in sensory perception
loss of memory
ADL's performed more slowly
learning of new skills is slower
what are some of the psychosocial aspects of aging?
depression in many forms
social isolation
what are some of the age related musculoskeletal changes?
