A&P ch1

the branch of science that deals with the sructure of body parts

concerns the functions of body parts

chemicals consist of mictoscopic particles

groups of atoms

group of molecules

group of organelles....basic unit of structure and function in organisms

groups of macromolecules....carry out specifi acticites..compesed of aggregates of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

group of cells organized into layers or other sructures that have common functions

group of different tissues that interact...complex stuctues with specialized functions

groups of organs that function closely together

are made up of organ systems

the sum total of all of the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up

• 1. Water
• 2. Foods
• 3. Oxygen
• 4. Heat
• 5. Pressure

• 1. Movement-Change in position of the body or of a body part: motion of an internal organ
• 2. Responsiveness- Reaction to change inside or outside the body
• 3. Growth- Increase in bodysize without change in shape
• 4.Reproductive- Production of new organisms and new cells
• 5. Respiration- use of oxygen: removal of CO₂
• 6.Digestion- Breakdown of food into simpler forms
• 7. Absotption- movement of substances through membrans and into fluids
• 8. Circulation- Movement with body fluids
• 9. Assimilation- Changing nutrients into chemically different forms
• 10. Excretion- removal of wast

maintenace of a stable internal encironment

• two recptors
• one tells body to start
• other tells body to stop

• recpotors start and dont stop
• ex blood clotting

provide info about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment

tells what a particulat value should be

cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

includes the head neck and trunk

includes the upper and lower limbs

houses the brain

contains the spainal cord within the sections of the backbone

space above diaphragm...contains the heart,lungs and mediastinum

separates the thoracic cavity into two compartmetns...contains the heart, esophagus, trachea,and thymus

space between the diaphragma and the lower portion of the trunk of the body

includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

contains the termainal portion of the large intestine, unrinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs...enclosed by the hip bones

contains the teethand tongue

located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by nasal septum. serveral air-filled esinusis connect to the casal cavity. these include the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses

contain the eyes and associated skeletgal muscles and nerves

contain middle ear bones

refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

membrane that is deeper...toward the interior and covers an internal organ

the space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes... is a thin filmof water fluids which the parietal and visceral membranes secrete

surrounds the heart...a thin visceral pericardium covers the hearts surface and is separted from a thicker parietal pericardum by a small colume of fluid; the pericardial cavity

includes the skein and carious accesory organs, such as hair, nails, sweet glands, and sevaceous glands...protect the underlying tissues, helps regulate body temp, houses a variety of sensory receptors and synthesizes certain products

consists of bones as well as ligaments adn cartilages that bind bones together...provide framwork and protectice shields for softer tissues, are attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move

constist of muscles... by contracting and pulling their ends colser together muscles proved forces that move body parts they also maintain posture and are the main source of body heat

constists of the brain, spianal cord, nerves, adn sense organs...coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses, and initiates actions

includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones..... hypothalamus of the brain; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; pancreas, overies, testes, pineal gland , and thymus...

transports substances throughout the internal environment...includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood

composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen...transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away fromm the digestive organs and into the bloodstream

includes the mouth tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and small/large intestine

moves airin and out and exchange gases between blood and the air....includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

• produces whole new organisms like itself
• ~male-scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, siminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
• ~female-ovaries, utertine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

body is standing efect, facing forward, with upper limbs at sides, and palms forward.

body part is aboce anoter part or is closer to head...the thoracic cavity is superior to abdominopelvic cavity

body part is below another body part or is toward the feet....neck is inferior to the head

means towrd the front...the eyes ore anterior to the brain

toward the back...the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity

refers to an imaginaty midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. a body part is medial if ti is closer to this line than another part...the nose is medial to the eyes

towrd the side with respect tho imaginary midline...the ears are lateral to they eyes

paird structures, one which is on each side...the lungs are bilateral

structures on the same side...the right lung and the right kidney are ipsilateral

structures on the opposite side....a patient with a fractured right leg would have to beart wight on the contralateral...inthis case left lower limb

body part that is closer to point of attachment to the trunk than another body part....the elbow is prozimal to the wrist....(proximal tubule..which is closer to filtering stucture inthe kidney

particulat body part is farther from a pint of attacment to ht trunk thatn another body part....the fingers are distal to the wrist ( may also refer to another reerence point suchas decreased blood flow distal to occlusion of a coronary artery)

situated near the surface...the epidermis is the superficial layer of skin

outward or near the surface...describes the location of certain blood vessels and nerves..,. the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord are peripheral nerves

lenghtwise plane that divides the body into right and left protions

when sagittal plane passes along the midline

sagittal section lateral to midline

plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

plane the divides the body int anterior and posterior portions

upper middle portion

lie on each side of the epigatric region

middle portion

lie on each side of the umbilical region

lower middle portion

abdominal