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Anatomy means...
Greek for "to cut up" or "dissect"
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In anatomy, function is dependent upon ____
Structure
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Four subdivision of anatomy are:
- -Gross anatomy
- -Neuroanatomy
- -Histology
- -Embryology
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When a part is above another part it is referred to as being ____
Superior
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When a part is below another it is described as being ____
Inferior
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The front of your body (or side with the stomach) is considered _____
Anterior
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The back of your body (where your spine is) is considered _____
Posterior
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In reference to an appendage, the part farthest from your body is ____
Distal
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In reference to an appendage, the part closest to your body is ____
Proximal
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Cutting the body that separates the anterior side from the posterior side is considered a _____
Coronal cut
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Cutting the body FROM anterior/posterior to posterior/anterior in a plane that faces superior and inferior is called a ______
Transverse cut
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Making a cut that runs from anterior/posterior to posterior/anterior with a plane that faces laterally is called a _____
Sagittal cut
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A position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing is called _____
Flexion
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a position that is made possible by the joint angle increasing is called _____
Extension
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Abduction means ____
"to draw away" (in reference to median plane of body)
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Adduction means _____
"to draw toward" (in reference to median plane of body)
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Medial Rotation
Anterior surface rotates about its long axis medially (towards midline)
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Lateral Rotation
anterior surface rotates about its long axis laterally (away from midline)
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Supination
Turning hand towards the natural anatomical position
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Pronation
When dorsum of hand (palm) is turned forward without rotation of the upper arm (palm facing down)
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when a part is moved successively through flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction, it circumscribes a cone of space, with its distal point drawing a circle
circumduction
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readily visible connective tissue membrane that consists of a thin layer of dense connective tissue without obvious organization of its fibers
Fascia
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Organization of fascia
- -Organized into sheets or tubes
- -Continuous - has no beginning or end
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3 types of fascia
- -superficial fascia
- -internal (subserous) fascia
- -deep facsia
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Superficial fascia
- -Body fat under skin
- -Not a membrane but a padding of adipose just below the skin
- -Contains retinacula cutis (skinligaments) – fascial bands that connect the dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia
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Internal (Subserous) fascia
- -Defined – fascias that line thebody cavities
- (i) Endothoracic fascia
- (ii) Endoabdominal fascia
- (iii) Endopelvicfascia
- -Barely discernable linings of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- -Functions to affix parietal layersof serous sacs
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Deep fascia
- i Defined – thin grayish layer on the surface of the muscles separable from them only by sharp dissection.
- ii Continuous with periosteum where musclesattach to bone
- iii Specializations of the deep fascia
- (i) Intermuscular septa – separate muscles into compartments, provide for muscle attachments
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Skeletal Ligaments
- a Defined – distinct bands of connective tissue that bind together two bones or bony segments
- b Most fibers run in the same direction
- c Intrinsic blend with the fibers of the joint capsule, specialized thickenings of the fibrouscapsule
- d Extrinsic not associated with a joint capsule
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Visceral Ligament
Defined – holds two visceral organs close together, allows for transmission of neurovascular structures, may contain smooth muscle
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Tendons
- 1 Definition dense fibrous connective tissue whichconnect muscle to bone
- 2 Fiber direction all in one direction
- 3 Aponeuroses very broad, flat tendons resemblingdeep fascia but fibers are predominantly parallel vs. interwoven
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Tendon Sheath
- 1 Definition closed synovial tubes which surroundtendons
- 2 Function
- a Nutrition
- b Lubrication – minimize friction
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Bursae
- 1 Definition “purse” closed synovial sacs
- 2 Develop in response to friction between tendon and bone, ligament or other tendons, or between bone and skin
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Types of Bursae
- a Communicating develop in close relation to a joint cavity and become continuous with the joint cavity as an extra‐articular extension or recess
- b Non‐communicating not associated with a joint cavity
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Classifaction of bones based on region
- a Axial‐ skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
- b Appendicular‐ shoulder and pelvic girdles andlimbs
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Classification of bones based on shape
- a Long ‐ longer than wide, tubular, shaft with twoarticular ends
- b Short ‐ typically cuboidal in shape
- c Flat ‐ two layers of cortical bone with thin layerof cancellous bone between
- d Irregular ‐ various shapes
- e Sesamoid bone ‐ bone which develops withincertain tendons to protect the tendon orincrease it mechanical advantage
- f Accessory bone ‐ bone resulting from failure ofossification center or trauma
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Landmark: elevation
"bumps"
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Landmark: lines, ridges, crests
linear elevations
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Landmark: Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, malleolus
rounded elevations
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Landmark: Tuberosity
roughened rounded elevation
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Landmark: spine, process
sharp elevations
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Landmark: Protrusions external to condyle
epicondyles
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Articular landmarks
- i Facets ‐ smooth, flat articular surface
- ii Head/condyle ‐ rounded articular area
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Depressions
- i fossa - small hallow
- ii grooves - long narrow depression
- iii notches - indentation at edge of bone
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2 classifactions of joints
Synarthroidal and Diarthroidal
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3 types of fibrous joints
- -sutures
- -gomphoses
- -syndesmoses
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Sutures
- bony surfaces are connectedby a collagenous sutural ligament or membrane,
- 1. Bony members interlock
- 2. Tend to ossify later in life tobecome synostoses
- 3. i.e. – skull
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Gomphoses
- joint surfaces adapted like peg in hole and connected by fibrous CT
- i.e. – teeth
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syndesmoses
- bonysurfacesare joined by an interosseous ligament, fibrous cord, or aponeurotic membrane
- i.e. – tibiofibular joint
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2 types of cartilaginous joints
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Symphysis
- two bony components covered with thin hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilaginous disc/pad
- i.e. – pubic symphysis; I‐V joints
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Synchondroses
- connected by hyaline cartilage
- 1. Function – permit bone growth while providing stability/slight mobility
- 2. Can fuse to become synostoses
- 3. i.e. – epiphyseal plates,sternocostal
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Diarthroses
“freely moveable” Bony components indirectly connected by way of its capsule
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5 components of synovial joints
- - Fibrous capsule
- - Joint cavity
- - Synovial membrane
- - Synovial fluid
- - Articular cartilage
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Diarthroses accessory structures
- - Fibrocartilaginous disks, plates, menisci
- - Labrums
- - Fat pads
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3 classifications of synovial joints
- - Simple
- - Compound
- - Complex
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Simple synovial joint
One articular surface on each boney member of the joint
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Compound synovial joint
more than one articular surface on each boney member of the joint
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Complex synovial joint
Contains intra-articular disc or menisci
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7 classifications of joints based on geometry
- -Plane joints
- -Ginglymus joints
- -Trochoid joints
- -Bicondylar joints
- -Ellipsoidal joints
- -Sellar joints
- -Spheroidal joints
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Plane joint
- Apposition of nearly flat surface
- e.g. zygopophyseal joints, intercarpal, AC joint
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Ginglymus joints
- (hinge joint)
- uniaxial
- e.g. IP's, humeroulnar
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Trochoid joints
- (pivot joints)
- osseous pivot in osterligamentous ring, uniaxial
- e.g. proximal radioulnar joint, atlanto-axial
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Bicondular joints
- Primarily allow movement in one plane, but allow small amount of rotation in plane perpendicular to this.
- e.g knee, TMJ
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Ellipsoidal joints
- Elliptical concave surface articulatig with an oval convex surfae, bi-axial
- e.g. MCP's, Radiocarpal
- Old nomenclature: condyloid = bicondylar + ellipsoidal
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Sellar joints
- (saddle joints)
- Each joint member has a concavoconvex surface, bi-axial
- e.g. CMC of the thumb, calcaneocuboid, talocrural (by some)
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Spheroidal joints
- (ball & socket)
- movement is multi-axial
- e.g. hip and shoulder
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Hilton's Law
Joints are generally innervated by nerve branches innervating muscles which move that joint and the skin superficial to that joint
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The joint capsule contains ____ and ____
Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
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Fibrous capsule
highley innervated, poorly vascularized
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Synoial membranes are ____ vascularized and _____ innervated
highly vascularized, poorly innervated
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Skeletal muscle
- Striated, voluntary
- i. location - attached to skeleton
- ii. attachments - use proximal and distal, or origin and insertion
- iii. innervation - PNS-GSE, GSA
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Smooth muscle
- unstriated, "involuntary"
- i. location - vessels, organs, GI & Pulmonary
- ii. innervation - autonomic nervous system (GVE and GVA)
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Cardiac muscle
- i. location - in the heart
- ii. innervation - autonomic nervous system (GVE and GVA)
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Image interpretation in reference to projection
Describes the path of the x-ray beam
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Image interpretation in reference to position
used to describe the body portion closest to the film plate
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