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Functions of human teeth
- Mastication
- Esthetics
- Phonetics
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Peridontium
Tooth-supporting structure (includes both hard and soft)
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Shape of the first tooth crown, and which organism is it found?
Conical; primitive vertebrates, ie reptiles
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What terms describes an organism with similar tooth structure?
Homodont
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What term describes a 3-lobed structure?
Tribercular
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How many lobes do human teeth possess?
4+
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Define a lobe
A primary division of a tooth, separated by developmental grooves
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Name the lobes of the anterior teeth
- Mesiolabial
- Middle labial (sometimes refered to as labial)
- Distolabial
- Lingual
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Name the lobes of the premolars (except mandibular 2nd)
- Mesiobuccal
- Middle buccal
- Distobuccal
- Lingual
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Which teeth have 5 lobes?
- Mandibular 2nd premolar
- Mandibular 1st molar
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What purpose do the dental arches and their arrangements serve?
- Efficient use of force for mastication
- Stabilization and protection of arches
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Curve of Spee
Anterior to posterior upwards curvature from the facial aspect
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Curve of Wilson
Medio-lateral curvature of the occlusal plane of the posterior teeth; complements condyles during mandibular movement
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Compensating occlusal curvature
- Combination of curves of Spee/Wilson
- AKA Sphere of Monson
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What is the axial position?
Describes the inclination of the tooth with respect to the verticle axis
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Describe axial position of:
Maxillary Anteriors
- Incisors - slight mesial, great lingual
- Canines - slight distal, great lingual
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Describe axial position of:
Maxillary Premolars
- Slight lingual
- Slight distal
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Describe axial position of:
Maxillary Molars
- Great lingual
- Moderate distal
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Describe axial position of:
Mandibular Anteriors
- Incisors - great lingual, none/slight mesial
- Canines - great lingual, slight distal
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Describe axial position of:
Mandibular Premolars
- Slight distal
- First premolar - slight lingual
- Second premolar - slight buccal
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Describe axial position of:
Mandibular Molars
Moderate to great buccal and distal
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What is the function of the contact areas?
- Stabilize dental arch
- Prevent food from packing
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Rules of contact areas
- More cervically located towards posterior
- Distal one more cervical than mesial
- Area increases posteriorly
- Anterior are centered faciolingually
- Posterior are buccal faciolingually
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What is the importance of the interproximal space?
- Stimulates peridontium
- Aids in self-cleaning process
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General rules of embrasures
- Incisal increase posteriorly
- Gingival decrease posteriorly
- Anterior labial = lingual in size
- Posterior buccal < lingual in size
- Both sides of tooth have symmetrical embrasure contour
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Location for facial height of contour
Cervical 1/3 for ALL teeth
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Location for lingual height of contour
- Anterior - cervical 1/3
- Posterior - middle/occlusal 1/3
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What is is cervical line?
AKA cemento-enamel junction, where the two meet (a visible line)
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Rules for CEJ
- On facial/lingual - convex towards apical
- On mesial/distal - convex to incisal
- Greater curvature on mesial than distal
- Lines on promixal surfaces equal
- Curvature decreases posteriorly
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What is the gingival line?
AKA gingival margin/crest; the termination of the soft non-attached tissue to the tooth (highest part of the sulcus)
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Characteristics of the gingival line
- Recedes with age
- Separates clinical crown/root
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What is the epithelial attachment?
Similar to PDL, but attaches the gingiva to the tooth
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What is the periodontal ligament?
Attaches the bone to the tooth (as opposed to epithelial attachment)
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What is a faciolingual taper?
- A tapering of the mesiodistal width of teeth (starting at the center of the proximal surfaces towards lingual)
- Mandibular 2nd premolars and maxillary 1st molars may exhibit the reverse of this
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General root rules
- Widest cervically and taper towards apex
- 1 root - anteriors and premolars (except 1st max)
- 2 root - 1st max premolar, mand molar
- 3 root - max molar
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What line angles describe labioproximal?
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What line angles describe buccoproximal?
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What line angles describe linguoproximal?
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What line angles describe facioproximal?
- Labioproximal
- Buccoproximal
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What line angles describe axioproximal?
All
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What is the purpose of the Curves of Spee/Wilson?
It places the forces of mastication along the long axis (vertical)
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What determines the curves of Spee/Wilson?
- Genetic factors
- Neuromuscular effects of the tongue, lips and cheeks
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What portion of the tooth is greatest mesiodistally?
Buccal 1/2; hence this is where the proximal contacts are
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What is the purpose the the faciolingual taper?
- Allows for teeth to be placed in arch
- Reduces load on teeth
- Allows for spillway of food
- Allows for stimulation of peridontium
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Which mandibular posterior has no transverse ridges?
Mandibular 1st molar
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Which tooth is widest mesiodistally?
Mandibular 1st
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Which tooth has 4 cusps of approximately equal size, with the mesiobuccal being the largest?
Mandibular 2nd
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Which cusps are connected by an oblique ridge?
Mesiolingual and distobuccal
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Which teeth display oblique ridges?
Maxillary molars
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Differences between maxillary and mandibular molars?
- Buccolingual dimensions (mandibular wider BL)
- Number of roots (maxillary = 3)
- Oblique ridges (only maxillary)
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Occlusal shape of mandibular 1st premolar?
Diamond
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Occlusal shape of mandibular 2nd premolar?
Square
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Occlusal shape of maxillary premolars?
Rectangle (long axis is buccolingually)
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Which teeth act as the "cornerstone" of the dentition and what are they numbers?
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Tooth with the longest crown-root length?
Canines
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Which tooth may have the Cusp of Carabelli?
Maxillary 1st molar
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On which cusp is the Cusp of Carabelli?
Mesiolingual
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When does the mixed dentition period begin?
Eruption of 1st permanent mandibular molar; 6 years
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When does the mixed dentition period end?
- Until all deciduous teeth are gone
- ~12 years
- Eruption of maxillary canine
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What is the first succedaneous tooth to erupt?
Mandibular central incisors
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What constitutes succedaneous?
- A permanent tooth taking the place of deciduous one
- Only permanent molars are NOT succedaneous
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Hardest tissue in the body?
Enamel
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Tissue that covers the anatomical root?
Cementum
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Forms main body of the tooth
Dentin
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Contains the nerve and blood supply to the tooth
Pulp
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The pulp cavity is lined with what type of cells?
Odontoblasts
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What is the function of odontoblasts?
Create dentin
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What is the alveolar process?
Bony member surrounding and supporting all teeth
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What is an alveolus?
Socket within the alveolar process that holds a tooth
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What is the facial plate of bone covering the root of the canine?
Canine eminence
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What is the last tooth to be lost of periodontal disease?
Canine
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Maxillary canine crown compared to maxillary central incisor crown
Length is equal or slightly shorter (incisocervically)
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