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What approach emphasizes self-actualization?
Phenomenological approach emphasizes
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Theoretical constructs are
they are abstraction and not directly observed
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Idiographic approach
Involves the intense study of the individual to uncover traits unique to the person
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Factor Analysis
allows researchers to see if several variables share enough in common so that they can se summarized with a single label
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what are "The Big Five"
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
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According to Mischel, the "personality coefficient" refers to
the surprisingly low correlation between a typical measure of personality and behavior
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Fishbein and Ajzen argues that to increase the accuracy with which a personality measure predicts a behavior, the behavior should be....
behavior should measured in several different ways and not just in one way
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Bem and allen found that
some people are more prone to trait like consistency than others
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According to Freud, the id operates according to
The pleasure principle operates the
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wishing and fantasizing for food when hungry is
Id when one is hungry
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anal stage is metaphorically the
creative stage
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Girls experience what during Phallic stage
Penis envy occurs when
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Not being able to recall the sexual want for the opposite sexed parent is called
Repression
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Rogers believed that there is a natural tendency to express ourselves and become out true selves
Self actualization
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The kind of person you are is different from the person whom u want to be
actual self and ideal self
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When focused in on the immediate, subjective experience of the person, it's referred to as
Phenomenological approach- focus is on the_________ experience
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Behaviorist argue that to explain personality psychologist should focus on
the reinforcers and punishers in the external environments- told to focus on by.. to..
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What approach emphasizes the continuity and consistency in behavior across situations and over time.
Trait, over time and across situation emphasizes the what
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Psychodynamic Approach
The approach that's the common core, foundation of someone's personality.
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Phenomenological Approach
Approach that you are unique and should work towards that.
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What occurs when prejudicial attitudes are expressed in behavior?
Discrimination
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When making attributions, what cause is a cause of behavior that is based on environmental factors?
Situational
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What states that we tend to overemphasize dispositional causes and underemphasize situational causes of others' actions?
Fundamental attribution error
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"That would never happen to me" is an example of what attrubution
Defensive attribution
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Reduces the change that a victim will get help from a crowd
Diffusion of responsibility
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One of the reasons a masked ball and costume parties are exciting is because of the effects of
Deindividuation
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The fact that we constantly try to make sense out of the behavior of ourselves and others is related to which concept?
Attribution
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The study of motivation consists of
the "why" of the human behavior
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what is homeostasis?
keeping things balanced
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What are primary motives?
Sexual wants and aggression, Libido and Thanatos
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What brain structure is important for eating
hypothalamus
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What is bulimia & anorexia nervosa
eat then puke; starving with over exercize
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What are the characteristics of high need for achievement
Desire to excel to master difficult challenges, do job faster, work harder
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What happens when extrinsic rewards are given for an intrinsically rewarding activity?
grow not to like something that you once liked
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What is the order of Maslow's need hierarchy
- Biological- food and water;
- Safety- security and comfort;
- Belongingness- to be loved and love;
- Esteem- need for confidence;
- Self-Actualization- have meaningful goals
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Canon- Bard theory of emotion
"I ran and was afraid at the same time"- processing of emotion and physical response occur at the same time.
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James- Lange theory of emotion
"I ran then I was afraid"- environment causes physical change, leading to behavior, leading to emotion.
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Schacter- Singer theory of emotion/ cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
joint effort of physical arousal and what we think.
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Aggressive behavior as defined is
Intentional harm to others
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What is the facial feedback theory of emotion?
Changing facial expressions can actually change someone's emotions.
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How something is said may be more important than the actual meaning of the words spoken. The "how it is said" refers to
Paralanguage
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The meaning of staring depends on
Visual Behavior
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What are theoretical constructs
Inferred concepts in traits used to explain behavior
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What is nomothetic approach?
Comparing people to people, similarities in traits and their varying degrees
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What is the purpose of Factor Analysis?
To summarize several variables with a single label
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What are introverts and extroverts
shy, reserved; outgoing, social
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Describe each of the "big five" factors.
- Openness- imaginatice, curious
- Conscientiousness- organized, preserving
- Extroversion- socialize, energetic
- Agreeableness- sympathetic, kind
- Neuroticism- guilt-prone
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What was the point of Funder and Ozer study?
Situational factors don't account for anymore variation in peoples' behavior than traits.
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Two major categories of instincts according to Freud?
- Libido- life and sexual
- Thanatos- death
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The id operates according to the
Instincts/ pleasure principal
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What is the Id?
The instincts> pleasure principle that reduces tension; primary process- confusing fantasy with reality; wish-fulfillment- imagining what u need.
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Pleasure Principle
The motive behind almost everything, tension reduction.
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Primary process
Confusing fantasy for reality
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Wish-fulfillment
imagining what u need
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What is Ego?
Reality, tries to obtain what will satisfy the instinct. Reality Principle- separate fantasy from reality. Secondary Process- cognitive and intellectual skills
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Reality principle
Separates fantasy form reality
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Secondary Process
Rational skills that enable us to get though our daily lives and survive, cognitive and intellectual skills.
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What is Superego
Morals. Conscience-knowing and feeling guilt. Ego-ideal- knowing and feeling pride. Introjection- accepting and indentifying the value system taught by parents.
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Conscience
Knowing and feeling guilty when a person has done wrong
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Ego-Ideal
Knowing and feeling pride when a person has done right
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Introjection
accepting and identifying the value system set by parents
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The largest portion of the mind operation beyond our awareness is the
unconscious
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Conscious
what a person is currently thinking
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Preconscious
What a person could bring to their awareness, you know something, you're just not thinking about it currently.
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Unconscious
thoughts and feelings kept oiut of awareness
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Oral stage of develpoment
metaphor for love, gullible and needy, verbally hurt someone.
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Oral Incorporative stage
Are gullible and needy for love, symbolically achieved through mouth stimulation like smoking or eating.
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Oral Sadistic Stage
Using words to harm other
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Anal stage of develpoment
Creative metaphor, neat and controled or wasteful and disorderly
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Anal Retentive Fixation
An adult who is neat and controlled
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Anal Expulsive Fixation
A person who is rebellious towards authority and irresponsible.
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Phallic Stage of development
Curious about genitals and identity. Boy falling in love with mother, girl with father.
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Oedipal Conflict
Boy falls in love with mother and wants to get rid of father
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Castratuion anxiety
Boy in love with mother fearing that father will hurt him for the mother.
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Repress
Stop trying to compete for mother, and try to be more like father for mother's attention.
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Penis Envy
Girl's want for a penis and the societal benefits that accompany it
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Latency stage of development
Non sexual, buddy stage of development. Superego is developed
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Genital stage of development
In this stage of development, you learn to love someone other than yourself and do valued work in the community.
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Substitute & symbolic forms of instinctual gratification are called
displacement
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Displacement
substituting an object which symbolically represents the object which would satisfy an instinct
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Yelling at the dog(substitute) instead of your boss(symbolic) is an example of
displacement
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Sublimation
a form of displacement in which the symbolic activity is valued by the culture
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Becoming a surgeon to satisfy the aggressive instinct is an example of
sublimation
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Repression
preventing an unpleasant thought from breaking into awareness.
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Forgetting an embarrassing statement from an argument is an example of
Repression
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Denial
Shifting your attention away from a threat and ignore what upsets you.
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Not applying the dangers of smoking to yourself is an example of
Denial
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Projection
Placing a thought or feeling of your own onto someone else.
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The statement "They hate me" is an example of
Projection
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Reaction formation
Expressing the opposite of what you feel
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Rationalization
an excuse or reason to justify an action.
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"Everybody does it" is an example of
rationalization
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Self-actualization
movement towards being ourselves
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Conditional positive regard
Accepting someone if they meet certain standards
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Behaviorists argue that to explain personality psychologists should focus on
the external and environmental influences
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3 Components of attutudes
Affective- feeling; Behavior; Cognitive-thoughts and beliefs
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Roger's subjective experience
immediate experience, free to choose our own actions.
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Stimulus control
Behavior controlled by stimulus cues in the environment, like the boss shows up so u act like you're working
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Unconditional positive regard
Loving someone as they are
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Primacy Effect
The importance of first impressions
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Internal Cause of Behavior
A person's personality effected behavior
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External Cause of behavior
Environmental cause of behavior, test was easy so I got an A.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Internal or personality explanations for another's behavior are preferred.
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Self-serving Bias
Assigning internal causes for good outcomes and external causes for bad outcomes.
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Defensive Attribution
Blaming the victim helps us feel safer
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Belief in a just world
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Interrole Conflict
having 2 identities, ex being a parent and a college student.
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Intrarole Conflict
Conflicting demands within a role, loving and punishing a child as a parent.
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A change in behavior brought to you by real or imagined group preassure
Conformity
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The desire to be correct ________ Conformity
Informational Conformity
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Desire to be liked _______ Conformity
Normative Conformity
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The change in attitude or behavior because of direct request
Compliance
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A compliance technique in which the initial commitment is followed by a change in the deal
Lowballing
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Saying no to a big request makes a person more likely to say yes to a smaller yet
Door-in-the-face
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Saying yes to a small request makes a person more likely to say yes to a larger request
Foot-in-the-door
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Neutral Stimulus
anything that doesn't associate any emotion within you.
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When attitude doesn't match behavior it's called
cognitive dissonance
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Earlier information about someone weighs more than later information is ____ effect.
Primacy Effect
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Constantly trying to make sense of out behavior and that of others is called
Attribution Theory
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Blaming peoples personality rather than situation is called
Fundamental Attribution Error
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2 Main types of attribution a person can make
Internal and external
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Social conventions that regulate human life, like explicit laws & implicit cultural standards are
Social Norms
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Following orders is _____ence
Obedience
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Commitment and Intimacy in a relationship but no passion
Compassionate love
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Attraction led by frequent meetings is called
Proximity
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You like them because they like you
reciprocity of liking
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helping others by sacrifice on the part of the helper
Altruism
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Responsibility of acting in an emergency situation is shared among those present is called
Diffusion of responsibility
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Intentional harm against living things
how aggression is defined by most psychologists.
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration is directly linked to aggression
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