Articulations-- Functional Classification

dependent on the degree of movement that occurs at the joint area

dependent on presence or absence of joint cavity and the type of material that joins the two bones together

• Synarthrosis—no movement occurs
• Amphiarthroses—slightly movable joint
• Diarthroses—highly movable joint

unmovable

• suture
• synchrondosis
• synostosis and bone
• gomphosis

Suture: where two bones are joined by a thin layer of dense connective tissue; only found in the skull of vertebrates

Ex: coronal suture

Synchondrosis: bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

ex: epiphyseal plate

Snyostosis and bone are joined by plates of bone--> that's when the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, when the cartilage ossifies

ex: joint between left and right frontal bone

Gomphosis--cone shaped peg (bone) fits into the socket of the other bone

ex: teeth in alveolar processes of the skull

• synchondrosis
• epiphyseal plates

• amphiarthrosis
• intervertebral discs

slightly movable joints; almost imperceptible movement

• symphysis
• syndesmosis

• bones are held together or separated by fibrocartilage
• –Pubic symphysis in the pelvic girdle
• –Intervertebral disks in mammals

• bones are held together by a relatively thick, dense, fibrous CT
• -- distal end of the tibia and fibula

• freely movable 
• (all have a joint cavity, which allows mobility)

• hinge
• pivot
• ball and socket
• condyloid
• gliding
• saddle

convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone in such a way that it only allows movement in one direction; monoaxial joint

elbow: distal end of humerus and proximal end of ulna

knee: distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia

interphalageal joints: between adjacent phalanges in the toes and fingers

spherical head of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity; biaxial, which means two planes

distan end of metatarsals 2-5; proximal and distal phalange

atlas and occipital condyles

wrist joint

rounded head of one bone fits into a capsule of another bone, allowing for movement in three planes-- triaxial

hip joint: head of femur with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone

shoulder: head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

aka: rotary joint

one bone turns on another; monoaxial

between atlas and axis

between the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna

flat surface of one bone and a flat surface of another bone; restricted biaxial

• between the carpals or tarsals
• pre-and postzygapophyses
• between costal facets of T vertebrae and the ribs

concave surface of one bone fits over convex surface of another bone; biaxial similar to ellipsoidal

first metacarpal and greater multangular of the carpals