Exam 2 part 2

What are the two ways for cellular respiration?

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules.

What is the primary aim for respiration?

What method of resp. uses O2 and put sout CO2?

What is mainly used in aerobic resp.?

What are the four metabolic pathways?

What is the first stage of cellular resp.?

Is Glycolysis the same for all organisms?

What are the steps for Glycolysis?

What are the three phases in Glycolysis?

What happens in the energy investment phase?

What happens in the cleavage phase?

What happens in the energy liberation phase?

What is the net yield of Glycolysis?

What is the second stage of cellular respiration?

In eukararyotes where is the pyruvate transported?

Molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate and Remaining is?

What is the yeild to stage 2 on cellular resp?

Stage 3 of cellular resp.?

Stage 3: Acetyl is removed from acetyl CoA and attached to oxalocetate to form?

What is released in the stage 3?

In stage 3 what is regenerated to start the cycle again?

What happens in the 4th stage of cellular resp?

In stage 4 of cell resp: what causes the phosphorlation?

Oxidation by the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of redox reactions. Movement of electrons generates an H+ electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force). This provides energy for the next step

Lipid bilayer of inner mitochondrial membrane is relatively impermeable to H+. Protons can only pass through

What is the yield in the 4th stage of cellular resp?

What other molecules can be used for the cellular resp in place of glucose?

fron enviroments that lack O2 what are the two strategies that can be used?

What does ecoli use for cell. resp?

is the breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation?

In fermentation Many organisms can only use O2 as final electron acceptor, so under anaerobic conditions, they need a different way to produce ATP, like using glycolysis. But glycolysis uses up NAD+ and makes too much NADH under anaerobic conditions (dangerous situation).

What happens in photosythesis?

regions on the surface of the Earth and atmosphere where living organisms exist. Largely driven by the photosynthetic power of green plants

What are the tropic levels?

Must eat food to sustain life

Makes organic molecules from inorganic sources.

Use light as a source of energy. Green plants, algae, cyanobacteria

Majority of photosynthesis occurs internally in leaves, in the

Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits leaf through pores called

What is the atatomy of the chloroplast?

Conatins the pigment molecules, forms thylakoids, and enclose the thylakoid lumen.

A Stack of thylakoids

Fluid filled region between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane

Two stages of photosynthesis

This stage of photosynthesis Use light energy, Take place in thylakoid membranes, Produce ATP, NADPH and O2

What do the light rxns yeild?

This stage of photosynthesis Occurs in stroma and Uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into carbohydrate

Wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments

Rate of photosynthesis by whole plant at specific wavelengths

Captured light energy can be transferred to other molecules to produce energy intermediate molecules for

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplast contain two distinct complexes of molecules

Of the two photosystems which where discovered first?

What are the steps in the Photosytem 2?

What are the steps in photo system 1?

Achieved by chemiosmotic mechanism called photophosphorylation or Driven by flow of H+ from thylakoid lumen into stroma via

What are the 3 ways H+ gradient is generated?

How is O2 produced in photsynthesis?

How is NADPH produced in Photosynthesis?

How is ATP produced in photosynthesis?

What are the two electron flows in the electron gradient?

In this electron flow Electrons begin at PSII and eventually transfer to NADPH, a linear process. Produces both ATP and NADPH in equal amounts

In this electron flow Electrons begin at PSII and eventually transfer to NADPH, a linear process. Produces both ATP and NADPH in equal amounts

What are the two main components in the photosystem 2?

this component of photosystem 2 directlty absorbs photons and energy transferred via resonance energy transfer.

THis component of photosystem 2 P680 -> P680* ( rather unstable for moves quick). Electrons transfered to primary electron acceptor and captured. Water is oxidized to replace the electron on p680* producing o2 gas in the process

In this cycle CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates, requires a massive input og=f eneergy and produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

In the calvin cycle for every 6CO2 inc. what must be used?

What is the product from the calvin cycle?

What are the three phases of the calvin cycle?

In this phase of the calvin cycle CO2 incorporated into RuBP using rubisco. Reaction product is a six-carbon intermediate that splits into two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules (3PG)

in this phase of the calvin cycle ATP is used to convert 3PG into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). NADPH electrons reduce it to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). 6 CO2 ? 12 G3P. Only 2 G3P molecules used for carbohydrates. 10 G3P molecules must be used for regeneration of RuBP

in this phase of the calvin cycle ? 10 G3P are converted into 6 RuBP using 6 ATP

What conditions can effect the calvin cycle?

Rubisco functions as a carboxylase. RuBP + CO2 ? 2 3PG. C3 plants make 3PG

These plants Evolved a mechanism to minimize respiration and make oxalocetate in the first step of carbon fixation.

90% of plants are

Some C4 plants separate processes using time. ? CO2 enters and is converted to malate. Stomata close during the day to conserve water. Oxaloacetate converted to malate. Malate broken down into CO2 to drive Calvin cycle during the day

Cell communication is the process of cells detecting and responding to signals in the

By changing the conformationof a receptor, signals lead to a responce inside?

Signlas that cause cell death is?

Why do cells need signals?

This in plants allows multiple cells to change shape, bending the plant in coordinated way?

Signaling molecule in phototropism?

What are the signals relayed between cells?

Cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another

Molecules bound to the surface of cells serve as signals to cells coming in contact with them

Cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or similar neighboring cells

Signal does not affect originating cell, but does influence nearby cells

Signals called hormones travel long distances and are usually longer lasting in effect

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

What are the different cellular responces change?

Binds noncovalently to receptor with high specificity. It is the signaling molecule.

3 kinds of surface receptors.

Found in all living species. Extracellular domain binds signal . Intracellular domain becomes functional catalyst. Most are protein kinases

Found in all eukaryotes, common in animals. 7 transmembrane segments. Activated receptor binds to G protein. Releases GDP and binds GTP instead. GTP causes G protein to dissociate. a subunit and ?/? dimer interact with other proteins in a signaling pathway

Plant and animal cells. Ligand binding causes ion channels to open and ions to flow through the membrane. In animals, these transmit synaptic signals between neurons and muscles or between two neurons

These recpetors are inside the cell

the signaling molecule binds to cell surface receptor and the conformation change stimulates a signal transduction pathway.

Category of enzyme-linked receptors found in animals and Recognize various types of signaling molecules

Signals binding to cell surface are ?first messenger?. Many signal transduction pathways lead to production of second messengers

Second messengers relay what?

Examples og second messengers?

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate . Signal binding to GPCR activates G protein to bind GTP, causing dissociation, freeing a subunit. a subunit binds to adenylyl cyclase enzyme, stimulating synthesis of cAMP

cAMP nactivates what?

PKA does what?

PKA targets include?