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More surface area means more...?
exchange with the environment (heat, O2)
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The exchange of O2 with all the cells in the body
Internal respiration
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The exchange of O2 with the lungs?
External respiration
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Does the body measure O2 or CO2?
CO2
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This kicks in when the body is trying to return to homeostasis, it acts like a thermostat
Negative feedback
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This is like the snowball effect and it amplifies a stimulus and does not contribute to homeostasis
Positive feedback
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The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Bioenergetics
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What does bioenergetics determine?
how much food an animal needs and it relates to an animal's size, activity, and environment
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This is how energy is allocated and used for body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material and production of gametes
Biosynthesis
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Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system to communicate regulatory messages within the body
Hormones
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Hormones reach all parts of the body but only ??? have receptors for that hormone?
Target cells
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What two systems coordinate communication throughout the body?
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Neurotransmitters react ???, while hormones travel throughout the body
Locally
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Neurotransmitters can be released by what two systems?
- Nervous system
- Gland system
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The target cell lies near the secreting cell in this type of hormone signaling
Paracrine
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The target cell is also the secreting cell in this type of hormone signaling
Autocrine
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Molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion
Local regulators
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Name 4 local regulators
- Cytokines
- Growth factors
- Nitric oxide
- Prostaglandins
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This local regulator promotes fever, inflammation, regulates platelets, and intensifies the sensation of pain
Prostaglandins
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What is it called when Neurotransmitters diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells
Synaptic signaling
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What is it called when specialized neurohormones travel to target cells via the bloodstream?
Neuroendocrine signaling
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This type of hormone is secreted by exocytosis, travels freely in the bloodstream, and binds to cell-surface receptors
Water-soluble
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This type of hormone diffuses across cell membranes, travels in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells
Lipid-soluble
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What causes a hormonal response in water-soluble hormones?
receptor initiates a signal transduction
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The response to a lipid-soluble hormone is usually?
a change in gene expression
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When a second hormone assists they work more effectively, this is called?
Synergistic effect
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Some hormones oppose the action of others, this is called?
Antagonistic effect
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The inability to produce insulin?
DM 1
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What part of the brain coordinates the nervous system and endocrine system to work together?
Hypothalamus
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This part of the pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
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This part of the pituitary makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
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Too little thyroid function, symptoms like weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
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excessive production of thyroid hormone, symptoms like high temp, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure
hyperthyroidism
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The adrenal glands secrete what hormone that is regulated by negative feedback?
glucocorticoids (cortisol AKA hydrocortisone)
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Name the two sections of the adrenal glands
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The adrenal cortex hormones have fast or slow effects?
slower effects
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The adrenal medulla hormones have fast of slow effects on the body?
fast acting - fight or flight
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This is any type of harmful stress that may be damaging.
distress
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This is helpful, everyday stress that prepares us to meet challenges.
Eustress
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Exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called
Acini
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The acini of the pancreas produce what?
digestive enzymes
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Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide are secreted by what?
Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
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refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the body
metabolism
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Reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are
catabolic (decomposition)
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Reactions that combine simple molecules to make complex molecules are
anabolic (synthesis)
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ThisĀ is the energy molecule that couples the two types (anabolic and catabolic) of reactions.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Pumping uphill to allow it to flow downhill
chemiosmosis
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Glucose not needed immediately is stored as
glycogen
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The process that creates glycogen
glycogenesis
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When ATP is needed for body activities, stored glycogen is broken down by a process called
glycogenolysis
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The hormone that helps to decrease adiposity (body fat mass).
Leptin
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The hormone that stimulates food intake
Neuropeptide Y
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the hormone that inhibits food intake?
Melanocortin
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inorganic elements (not carbon based) that play important roles in maintaining a healthy body
minerals
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nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and normal metabolism. Most cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in foods.
vitamins
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In chemical digestion, the process of ??? splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water
enzymatic hydrolysis
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Name the 3 salivary glands
- parotic
- submandibular
- sublingual
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Salivary amylase converts polysaccharides to disaccharides
chemical digestion
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