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Explain how one uses the "Octet Rule" to predict the type of ion that will be formed by a particular atom. Be able to use the Octet Rule to make such predictions.
- The "Octet Rule" states that elements gain or lose electrons in order to attain 8 valence electrons in the outermost shell.
- Do practice problems from the book!
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Compare and Contrast: Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bonds, and Covalent Bonds.
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List seven (7) general characteristics of enzymes.
- 1. They increase the rate of chemical reactions.
- 2. The activation energy is reduced.
- 3. There is no permanent change by a reaction.
- 4. The enzymes are highly selective.
- 5. They are sensitive to environmental conditions.
- 6. They can be saturated.
- 7. They can be regulated.
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List five (5) properties of water. How is each of your properties physiologically important?
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Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to begin a reaction.
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Atom
- The smallest stable unit of matter.
- Contain subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Normally contain an equal number of protons and electrons.
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Atomic Number
The number of protons (and also the number of electrons).
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Atomic Weight (Mass)
- The number of protons + the number of electrons.
- Example: Sodium (Atomic #=11 Atomic Mass #=23) Protons=11 Neutrons=12 Electrons=11
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Covalent Bond (Single and Double)
- Single Bond: One pair of electrons shared.
- Double Bond: Two pairs of electrons shared.
- Non-Polar Covalent Bonds: Electrons shared equally between atoms. (N2, O2, CO2)
- Polar Covalent Bonds: Electrons shared unequally. (Hydrogen atom bond H2O)
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Decomposition (Hydrolysis) Reactions
- A chemical reaction in physiology.
- Breaking Bonds.
- A-B + H2O → A-H + B-OH + energy
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Electron
- A subatomic particle in an atom.
- Found in electron "shells"
- Negative charge
- Weight approximately 1/1836 Dalton
- An atom has the same number of protons and electrons.
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Enzyme
Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering the reaction's activation energy.
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Chemical Equilibrium
- At equilibrium, the rates of two opposing reactions are equal (in balance).
- The rates of catabolism and anabolism are equal.
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Hydration Sphere (Sphere of Hydration)
A cloud of water molecules that surround ionic compounds or water molecules.
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Ion
- An atom or group of atoms that have an electrical charge, either positive or negative.
- Cation: Ions with a positive (+) charge.
- Anions: Ions with a negative (-) charge.
- Ions have an unequal number of protons and electrons.
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Kinetic Energy
- A basic energy concept.
- The energy of motion.
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Neutron
- A subatomic particle.
- Found in the nucleus.
- No charge (electrically neutral).
- Weight is similar to protons.
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Potential Energy
- A basic energy concept.
- The energy of position or structure.
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Proton
- A subatomic particle.
- Found in the nucleus.
- Positive charge.
- Weight of approximately 1 Dalton.
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Solute
A solute, in an aqueous solution, is the substance dissolved in a solvent.
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Solvent
A solvent, in an aqueous solution, is the medium in which molecules of solute are dispersed.
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Synthesis (Dehydration) Reaction
- A type of chemical reaction in physiology.
- Forming new bonds.
- A-H + B-OH + energy → A-B + H2O
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Valence Shell of Electrons
- The outermost shell that determines the reactivity of the element.
- The number of electrons in this level determines the chemical properties of the element.
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Molecule
A chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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Compound
A chemical substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements.
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Mole
A quantity of a substance having a weight in grams equal to the atomic or molecular weight of that substance.
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Anabolism and Catabolism
- Both are part of metabolism and are equal to each other at equilibrium.
- Anabolism: requires an input of energy (enderogenic)
- Catabolism: Releases energy (exerogenic)
- Example = H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
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Inorganic and Organic Compounds
- Inorganic: Carbon and hydrogen are generally NOT primary structural ingredients.
- Organic: Carbon and hydrogen are ALWAYS primary structural ingredients.
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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Reactions
- Hydrophilic: Compounds that interact readily with water.
- Hydrophobic: Compounds that do NOT interact with water.
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