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Mawad
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What are 3 differentials for fetid purulent nasal d/c?
dental-disease origin sinusitis, sinus tumor, fungal infection in sinus
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Differentials for non-fetid purulent nasal d/c? (3)
primary sinusitis, secondary sinusitis due to nasomaxillary obstruction, guttural pouch empyema
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What are differentials for serosanguineous nasal d/c? (5)
ethmoid hematoma, sinus trauma, sinus tumor (mixed with pus), guttural pouch mycosis, nasolacrimal infection
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Differentials for facial swelling? (4)
sinus cysts, infection of rostral maxillary cheek teeth, trauma, neoplasia
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Differentials for impaired airflow? (4)
sinus cyst, ethmoid hematoma,sinus tumor, ventral conchal empyema
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You can enter a horses sinus with a __(2)__; this allows you to... (3)
steinmann pin/drill or trephine; lavage, visualize, biopsy
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What are indications for opening up a horse's sinus? (3)
unknown cause of sinusitis, mass, non-responsive to lavage
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What are the sites of entry for trephination? (3)
rostral maxillary sinus, caudal maxillary sinus, frontal sinus
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When trephining a horse's sinus, cut a flap _______ than the trephine hole so that the skin incision is healing on _________.
larger; bone
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What are the limits for entry into the maxillary sinuses?
dorsally: line from medial canthus to infraorbital foramen; ventrally: facial crest
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What are the boundaries for entry into the frontal sinus?
medial canthus to incisive notch, line b/w medial canthi
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Which sinus should you avoid in a young horse and why?
rostral maxillary sinus because their teeth roots are too high an you could damage them
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Secondary sinusitis is most commonly due to __________.
tooth root abcesses
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Describe paranasal sinus cysts.
smooth borders on radiographs, can lyse bone
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Resting endoscopy is only good for __________ lesions, such as... (3)
static (upper airway); subepiglottic cysts, congenital palatal defects, and persistent epiglottic entrapment.
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Describe the airway function of horses.
obligate nasal breathers (cannot breath from mouth)
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You hear a buzzing sound during inspiration and expiration, but there are no endoscopic abnormalities. What do you diagnose, and how do you treat it?
alar fold collapse; mattress suture and exercise
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Horses with no active movement of ___________ on resting endoscopy will fail to achieve full _________ at exercise.
left laryngeal cartilage; abduction
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What intrinsic laryngeal muscle narrows the rima glottidis to protect the airway (also has a role in vocalization)?
cricoarytenoideus lateralis m.
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What intrinsic laryngeal m. abducts the vocal folds and widens the laryngeal aperture?
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
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Left-sided laryngeal collapse occurs most commonly in _________ due to....
large horses (t-bred, draft horses); recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
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Iatrogenic perivascular injections of phenylbutazone can cause ____________.
left-sided laryngeal collapse
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Right-sided laryngeal collapse is rare but is usually due to a __________.
4th branchial arch defect
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Septic condition of the arytenoid cartilage, in which there is a draining tract/granuloma in the rima glottidis.
arytenoid chondropathy/chondritis
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What are some treatments of laryngeal hemiplagia? (3)
laryngeal prosthesis (CAD), neuromuscular pedicle graft, partial arytenoidectomy
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What is the most commonly diagnosed URT disorder in horses referred for poor performance?
palate malfuntions
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The majority of horses with ______________ show no endoscopic abnormalities during a resting exam; you need high-speed treadmill exam or dynamic endoscope to diagnose.
dynamic nasopharyngeal collapse
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What muscle tenses the rostral portion of the palate, depresses the soft palate towards the tongue, and contracts to aid in opening the gutteral pouch?
tensor veli palatini
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With _________ muscle dysfunction/anesthesia, you get billowing of the rostral soft palate.
tensor veli palatini
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You appreciate a gurgling noise during exercise, which exhibits a sudden onset and rapid fade. What is your top differential?
dorsal displacement of the soft palate
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What are a few treatment options for dorsal displacement of the soft palate? (4)
tie forward, staphylectomy, sternothyohyoidectomy, laser "spot welds" on soft palate
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On endoscopy, you see the epiglottis flattened against the surface of the caudal soft palate; there is a loud inspiratory noise at low intensity exercise (+/- at rest). What is your top differential?
rostral soft palate instability
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You are presented with a standardbred who exhibits neck flexion when harnessed, which occurs at rest and goes away with exercise. What are you differentials? (3, 1 major)
pharyngeal wall collapse, HSTE, poss nasal occlusion
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Disorder when the epiglottis is covered by aryepiglottic folds; there is noise during bot inspiration and expiration; commonly diagnosed at rest (rarely, only observed during exercise).
epiglottic entrapment
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Epiglottic entrapment was correlated with ___________ in a study of racehorses.
superior racing performance
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