The flashcards below were created by user
lduran8
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Absolute Dating
Any date where a year or range of years can be applied to a site or artifact
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Relative Dating
A date that places site or artifact in a chronological order with other specimens
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Accelerator Mass Spectometry (AMS)
Radio carbon dating of a smaller sample so that a huge sample won't be destroyed
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Archaeomagnetic Dating (2)
- Magnetic orientation can become "fossilized" in cultural features.
- Find magnetic north= find date
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Carbon Dating
Radiometric dating technique based on the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon
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Megafauna
Very large herbivores of the Pleistocene world (woolly mammoth)
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Ecofact
Element found at a site that exhibits human activity (butchered animal bone)
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Artifact
Object manufactured by a human being/ancestor (stone pot)
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Hypotheses
proposed explanation for some phenomenon, can be derived from observation of a phenomenon
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Primary Refuse
Artifacts or ecofacts left at the place that they were used/produced
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Secondary Refuse
Artifacts/ecofacts removed by people and taken to a designated refuse (trash pit)
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Pedestrian Survery
Systematic walkover of an area in search of unnatural inclusions/shapes/shiny objects
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Cache
Stash of stuff placed away for safe keeping by ancient people (time capsule)
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Noninvasive technique involving a cart that is pulled that sends electromagnetic pulses through the soil
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Proton Magnetometry
Magnetometer measures the strength of the earth's magnetic field from the surface and detects anomalies (buried walls)
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Trace Element Analysis
Determining the geographic source of the materials used by and ancient people through the analysis of small concentrations in the material
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Neutron Activation Analysis
Precise and unique chemical makeup of raw material sources are found analyzing by analyzing trace elements and comparing
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X-ray Florescence
Each chemical element in a raw material is read and determined through x-rays resulting in the exact elemental composition of the material
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Morphology
Analysis of the shape and form of skeletons and artifacts
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Faunal Assemblage
Animal bones found at a site and the species represented by those bones
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C3 Pathway
Photosynthetic process employed by trees
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C4 Pathway
Photosynthetic process employed by grasses
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C-14
How much less of Carbon 14 is measured and the amount of decay in the material can give a time frame based on the time it takes Carbon 14 to reach its half-life
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Isotopes
Variety of an elements atomic form
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Half-life
Measurement of the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to decay into a stable form
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Sexual Dimorphism
Differences in the form and size of the two sexes (men larger)
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Stratigraphy
Relatively dating things based on their layer in the earth
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Radiocarbon Dating
Radiometric dating technique based on the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (C14)
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Thermoluminescence Dating
Energy produced from natural radiation in soil becomes trapped in nearby objects that can be measured
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Dendrochronology
Tree ring dating
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Radiometric Dating
Any dating technique based on the measurement of radioactive decay
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Adaptations
Mode or strategy for survival including a characteristic that will help an organism survive in a changing environment
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Archaeological Site
Place where people lived and where the material objects they used are recovered and analyzed
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Archaeology
Study of humanity through the analysis of the things that people made and used in the past
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Cultural Evolution
Cultures change in response to their physical and cultural environments
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Ethnographers
Cultural anthropologist who lives among a group of people/cultural group
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NAGPRA
Defines ownership and the return of sites and bones that culturally belong to the modern Native Americans
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Evolution
Systematic change through time of biological organisms or human cultural systems
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Holistic
- Defines Archaeology
- Look at everything as a whole and see how everything fits
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Multilineal Evolution
Many pathways of change a culture may take over the time span of its existence
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Natural Selection
Individuals of a species that possess advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on their genes
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Three-age system
Chronological breakdown of the history of human culture into a stone, bronze and iron age
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Uniformitarianism
Appearance of earth resulted from the slow action of known processes over a very long period of time
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Unilineal Evolution
No longer accepted view that all cultures change along the same pathway of increasing complexity
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Lascaux (3)
- Cave Paintings
- Found in 1940
- 15,000-9,000 BC
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Petroglyph
Designs carved/etched into rock faces
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Pictograph
Painting on a rocks surface
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Mobility Art
Portable art including the venus figurine
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Ochre
Used to produce paint
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Solutrean
Stone tool-making tradition of the European Upper Paleolithic (symmetrical, leaf shaped projectile point)
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Parietal Art
Art on the wall of a cave
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Grave Goods
Cultural materials placed into a grave, sometimes in a conscious attempt to provide the deceased with items needed in the afterlife
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Gravettian
Toolmaking tradition of the Upper Paleolithic. Small blades and denticulate knives
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Aurignacian
Lithic tool technology associated with anatomically modern human beings. Long, narrow blade tools
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Heinrich Events
Fluctuations in Arctic result in the breaking off of icebergs that contain sediments and rock mass
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Coliboaia Cave
- Romania
- In a flooded cave that can only be reached through diving
- 6 drawings of animals
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Magdalenian (5)
- Later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic
- Europe
- Characterized by composite or specialized tools, tailored clothing
- First to use a spear thrower (reindeer bone)
- Bone was used extensively
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Cultural Ownership
- Ethics
- Awareness that we all have privilege to learn but ancestors we want to study have modern day ancestors
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Cultural Evolution (Old v. New)
- Old: Savagery-barbarism-complex society
- New: Cultures evolve and devolve, are constantly changing.
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Glamour of Archealogy (Then)-2
- Treasure Hunters
- People were looking for treasures & places that are easy to find/popular
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Glamour of Archealogy (Now)
- Focus more on average person than elite
- Education= more people can access not just rich
- Technology allows for more discoveries
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Upper Paleolithic (2)
- 40,000-10,000 years ago
- Rapidly changing technology
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Calibration Curve
Compare carbon dates with each other to get a more specific date
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Chauvet Cave (2)
- Movement is a common theme
- 20,000 years ago
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Thomas Bruce Earl of Elgin (2)
- Turks occupied Greece
- Took stuff from the Parthenon/Greece and brought it back to the British Museum
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Harriet Boyd Hawes (2)
- First to lead an expedition of Creet
- First female leader
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Charles Darwin (2)
- Anthroplogy Influence
- Evidence of human evolution provides a basis for Archaeologist studying cultural evolution
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Charles Lyell (3)
- Used stratigraphy and uniformitaranism
- Slow agency of existing causes
- Timescale for dating
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Uniformitarianism
Natural evolutions/ operations are equable and steady
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Willard Libby (2)
- Used C 14 Dating on Bison/charcoal
- WWII- studying nuclear weaponry and invented radiocarbon dating
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Martimer Wheeler (2)
- Systematic excavation
- Square pits- how we record things so that if destruction, we can reconstruct it in the best way possible
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Jean Clottes (2)
- Cave art interpreter
- Chauvet Cave
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