Cancer

Slow growth. Well defined caspule. Not invasive. Well differentiated. Low mitotic index. Does not metz

Rapid growth. Not encapsulated. Invasive. Poorly differentiated. Hugh mitotic index. Spread distantly.

Poorly differentiated

Spreads distantly

Cancer from blood forming cells (2)

Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin

Hall mark of cancer cells. Loss of cell differentiation. Irregular size and shape of nucleus. Loss of normal tissue structure. Without form. Loss of organization. Increase in nuclear size with ongoing proliferation

Cancers are named according to

Cancer from epithelial tissue

Cancer from ductal or glandular structure

Cancer from connective tissue

Cancer from lymphatic tissue

Cancer from blood forming cells

Process of original cells becoming cancer cells.

Cancer cell independence from normal cell control and part of transformational process

Transformed cells lack normal _____ seen in nontransformed cells

Cancer cells show defects in normal process

Substance produce by cancer cells found on tumor plasma membranes or blood, spinal fluid, urine. Includes hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies. Screen and identify cancer. Diagnose specific type of tumor. Follows clinical course of cancer

Mutation occurs un single cell. Can accumulate fast. Proliferates and becomes tumor. Additional mutations equals additional tumors

Cells that self renew by cell divisions. Mulipotent. Can differentiate into multiple different cell types.

Cancer is predominately a disease of....

Due to mutation cell acquiring characteristics allowing it to have selective advantage over its neighbors. Increased growth. Decreased apoptosis

Specific hits have to occur full-blown cancer

____ accumulations of alterations occur in specific genes

Some Cancer cells are able to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth

Cancer cell that has an increase in growth factor receptor's

Cancer cells that exhibit inactivation

Pathways to apoptosis is disabled in advance cancers by

Cancer cells must have mutations that enable them to proliferate in the absence of

As cancer grows they need their own blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients. advanced cancers can secrete factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth

Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity. Loss of function leads to increased mutation rates. Encode proteins that are involved in repairing dna

Malfunctions in the cellular machinery that regulates chromosomal segregation at mitosis results and a high rates of chromosomal loss as well as loss of heterozygosity and chromosomal amplification each of these events Can accelerates the loss of tumor suppressor gene and the over expression of oncogenes

Hallmark of cancer cells is there

Protective and or caps on each chromosome and our place and maintained by a specialized enzyme

Specialized enzyme on telomeres are called. When cancer cells become small this makes it possible for them to divide over and over again

Mutant genes that are in their non-mutant states. Direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

Encode proteins that negatively regulate Proliferation. (2 names)

Normal non-mutants genes that code for cellular growth

Positive signal for cell proliferation

Changes occur in one or a few nucleotide base pairs. Ras converts regulated proto oncogene to a unregulated oncogene. Accelerates growth.

Piece of one chromosome is transferred to another

A small piece of chromosome is duplicated over and over results in increased expression of oncogene

Allows unregulated cellular growth takes two hits to inactivate the two alleles of tumor suppressor gene

Both chromosomal copies of gene are inactivated

Whole regions of chromosomes are shutoff while the same regions in other cells remain active. Does not require mutations or changes in DNA

Immunization with tumor antigens to elicit or enhance the immune response against a particular cancer

Injecting the patient diagnosed with cancer with antibodies or lymphocytes directed against a tumor associated antigen

Developed from b cell lymphoma. From transplant (post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Associated with burkitt lymphoma in areas of endemic malaria and nasopharyngeal ca

Virus occurs with immunocompromised. AIDS

Oncogenic retrovirus linked to development of adult t cell leukemia and lymphoma (ATLL)

Implicated in cervical cancer. readily detected by Pap smear vaccines. protecting against several types causes genital warts

Types ____ cause cervical cancer and type ____ cause genital warts

Confer up to 200 fold increased risk of developing liver CA. vaccine expected to decrease incidence

Presents an increased risk of liver cancer. no live vaccine available

Important factor in development of cancer and predisposes a person to cancer

Stimulates bone healing response that includes proliferation and new blood vessel growth. Organs susceptible are GI pancreas thyriod gland prostate urine bladder pleura skin

Those with ulcerative colitis for 10 years or more have up to 30 fold increase of developing what

Chronic asthma increases risk for what

Generates prostaglandins in acute inflammation. Associated with colon cancer. Long term high dose of aspirin and NSAIDS

Chronic infections associated with peptic ulcer disease stomach carcinoma mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Bacteria directly and indirectly produce genetic and epigenetic changes in infected stomachs. Mutation in p53 gene. Alterations in methylation of specific genes.

Successful tumors manipulate cells of which two responses

Three inductions that benefit cancer progression and increase resistance of chemotherapeutic agents

Key cell that promotes tumor survival. Develops the capacity to block cytotoxic T cell and natural killer (nk) cell functions. Produces cytokines. Secretes angiogenesis and promotes blood flow

Advantageous for tumor growth and spread

The spread of cancer cells from one site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs through the body. Complex process. Cells need new abilities of invading survival proliferation in a new environment and recruits new blood vessel growth

Local spread. First step in mets process. Cancer often spreads first to regional lymph nodes through the lymphatic system and then to distant Organs through the bloodstream. Requires cancer attach to specific receptors and survive in specific environment

Secreted by cancer cells digest the extracellular matrix and basement membranes creates pathways through which the cell can move

Predisposed to cancer and are almost invariably in Tumor suppressor genes. Results in transmission of cancer causing genes from one generation to the next producing families with high incidence of specific cancers

Cancer stage confined to its organ of origin

Cancer that is locally invasive

Cancer that has advance to regional structures

Cancer that spread to different sites

TNM stands for

Primarily associated with squamous and small cell carcinoma's of the lungs and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths.