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Death of the fetus after the 20th week of pregnancy and delivery of a fully formed dead neonate.
stillbirth
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Expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before the fetus is viable.
abortion
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Desiccation of a dead fetus in utero.
mummification
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For mummification to occur, ___________ cannot be present, and _________ must be present.
bacterial infection; intact CL
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Fetal death in the presence of in utero bacterial infection and inflammation.
maceration
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With embryonic death, the fertilized ova dies and _________ occurs within the zona pellucida; the most common cause is __________.
cytolysis; lethal chromosomal abnormalities
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For mummification to occur, fetal skin must be mature enough to resist _________.
autolysis
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Fetal maceration and emphysema result in __(2)__; fetal ________ resist maceration.
endometritis or pyometra; bones
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Fetal emphysema can be present when _________ are involved, which can lead to maternal __(2)__.
clostridial bacteria; toxemia and death
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What conditions of the dam cause abortion? (4)
circulatory failure, anemia, pyrexia, endotoxemia
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What are fetal causes of abortion? (7)
bacterial, viral, mycotic, toxic, nutritional, genetic, physical
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What needs to be examined to diagnose the cause of abortion?
placenta, fetus, damn, oter animals
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What do you sample from the fetus for culture? (6)
placenta, stomach contents, lung, kidney, liver, thoracic fluid
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What do you sample from the fetus for histopath? (11)
placenta, brain, eyelid, thymus, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, intestine
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Excessive fluid accumulation in allantoic sac.
hydroallantois
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Hydroallantois is usually due to _____________.
inadequate number of caruncles
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Fetal swallowing controls volume of amniotic fluid; failure of fetus to swallow.
hydroamnios
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Hydroamnios is usually due to _____________.
malformation of the fetus
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Prolonged gestation is typically caused by interference with the ________________, causing the fetal ________ to fail to produce ________.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; adrenals; cortisol
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Non-infectious causes of abortion. (4)
prolonged gestation, placental insufficiency due to twins or adventitial placentation, umbilical cord torsion
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In canines and felines, the dead fetus is usually retained until __________ and is often __________.
normal parturition; autolysed
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In canines and felines, the lifespan of the CL is _________ in pregnant and non-regnant animals.
the same
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In ruminants, repaid fetal death results in ____________; chronic fetal illness and death results in ____________.
an autolysed fetus; a well preserved fetus
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What are the 2 BVDv biotypes?
non-cytopathic, cytopathic
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Only the _______ BVDv biotype can infect the immunologically incompetent fetus and cause persistent infection.
NCP
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Infection with BVDv ________ leads to fetal death and expulsion.
<100 days gestation
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Infection with BVDv __________ leads to teratogenic consequences, such as CNS lesions, MS lesions, respiratory, integument, and immune lesions.
100-150 days gestation
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Development of ____________ can result in persistently infected BVDv animals.
immunotolerance to NCP biotype
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Brucellosis organisms readily penetrate... (3)
mucus membranes, alimentary tract, and respiratory tract.
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___________ results after Brucellosis replicates in __(2)__.
Bacteremia; neutrophils; macrophages
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Brucellosis affinity for ____________ in middle and late gestation leads to abortion.
placental trophoblasts
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What is the gross appearance of cotyledons and intercotyledonary space of an animal with Brucellosis?
cotyledons- brown exudate, areas of yellow necrosis; intercotyledonary space- edematous, thickened, yellow
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Camplyobacter is mainly transmitted ________ in cattle and by ________ in sheep.
genitally; ingestion
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What are typical placental and fetal lesions with abortion due to camplyobacter? (3)
multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, fetal bronchopneumonia, suppurative placentitis on cotyledons
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Leptospirosis is an important cause of abortion in... (3)
cattle, swine, and horses.
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Fetuses that were aborted due to Leptospirosis are often ________ in all species.
autolysed
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_____________ causes enzootic abortion in ewes.
Chlamydophila abortus
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Chlamydophila abortus is an important cause of abortion in __(2)__.
sheep and goats
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Chlamydophila organisms are transmitted ________, leading to _______ infection of the __(2)__.
orally; chronic; intestines and placenta
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What placental lesions occur with Chlamydophila abortus? (4)
dark red exudate on cotyledons, prominent vasculitis microscopically, inclusions in cytoplasm of trophoblasts, leathery cotyledonary space
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Coxiella burnetti is a ________ organism that causes late term abortion; __(3)__ are reservoirs.
rickettsial; sheep, goats, and occasionally dairy cows
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Coxiella burnetti may cause ________ of fetal membranes; lesions are confined to the _________; it causes ________ disease.
retention; placenta; zoonotic
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___________ should always be considered with sheep and goat abortions.
Coxiella burnetti
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What lesions are present on the placenta with Coxiella burnetti? (2)
thick/leathery placenta, copious off-white exudate
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Mycotic abortion is prominent in __(2)__.
cattle and horses
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_________ is the most common cause of mycotic abortion.
Aspergillus
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