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Define medial
medial: closer to medial plane
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Define lateral
Further from the median plane
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ventral
toward the ground
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What head term corresponds to "cranial" in the rest of the body?
rostral
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For what is the term dorsal used
Surface of the body away from the ground and the surface below the proximal carpus and tarsus directed toward the head (Surface opposite the palmar/plantar)
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What surfaces below the "top" proximal end of the carpus/tarsus are directed toward the tail/ground?
Palmar/Plantar
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Proximal
Part closer to a point of attachment or to the trunk
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Distal
Part farther from a point of attachment or to the trunk
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For what is the term peripheral used?
A part distal from its point of origin or near the surface
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axial
closer to the longitudial axis of the limb
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abaxial
part closer to a point of attachment or to the trunk of the limb
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Where is the axis of a limb in relation to the digits
between the 3rd and 4th digits
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Define external or superficial and internal or deep
Closer to / further from the outer surface of a structure respectively
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Sagittal plane
divides the body into unequal right and left parts
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median or med-sagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left parts
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transverse plane or cross section
plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts or cuts at right angle to its long axis
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what are sections, list two
cuts through the planes of the body: sagittal section, transverse or cross section
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list human term and where they correspond to where they are used in veterinary medicine
- anterior: cranial on limbs, rostral on face and ventral on body
- posterior:caudal on limbs and head; dorsal on body
- superior and inferior: dorsal and ventral respectively
- correctly used for eyes and certain head structures
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skeleton can be divided into 3 portions
axial appendicular and visceral
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3 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral (spinal) column, thorax
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the vertebral column consists of what five regions?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal(coccygeal)
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what connects the thoracic girdle to the axial skeleton?
muscle attachments (synsarcosis) (clavicle is rudimentary)
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list regions of the thoracic limb and the bones each includes
- Shoulder:scapula
- brachium:humerus
- antebrachium:ulna and radius
- carpus:carpal bones
- manus:carpal metacarpal, phalangeal and sesamoid bones
- digits:proximal,middle,distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones
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regions of the pelvic limb and bones each includes
- Pelvis/pelvic girdle:hip bones ilium,pubis,ischium) sacrum and first caudal vertebrae
- thigh:femur
- stifle:femur,tibia, and fibula
- crus:tibia and fibula
- tarsus/hock: tarsal bones, pes: tarsal,metatarsal,phalangeal, and sesamoid bones
- digits:proximal, middle, distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones
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parts of long bone
- two ends: epiphyses
- body: diaphysis
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what joins the diaphysis to the epiphysis in mature bones
metaphysis
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fibrous covering of bone not covered by articular cartilage
periosteum
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compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity
compact or cancellous (spongy)
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what are the two methods of osteogenesis
intramembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (intracartilaginous) (long bones)
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In endochondral (intracartilaginous) ossification, where are the centers of ossification located?
Diaphysis and two epiphyses
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lengthening of long bones occurs in what area?
outer growth plate (epiphyseal side of plate)
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what are two different types of growth plates? give an example of each
- traction (olecranon, calcaneus)
- compression(most of rest)
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