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What are the functions of the forestomachs? (3)
fermentation, particle size, water absorption
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What are the functions of the abomasum? (2)
secreting HCl, secreting digestive juices
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What are pre-disposing factors to abomasal displacement? (5)
GI (abomasal) atony due to change in diet/high conc diet/ketosis, calving
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What are the clinical signs of a simple DA? (5)
decreased milk, decreased appetite, ketosis, ping, splashing
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What are the signs of abomasal volvulus? (5)
all those of simple DA + colic, tachycardia, shock, death
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What are the metabolic derangements associated with DA? (4)
hypochloremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, (very late stages) lactic acidosis
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Describe the pathogenesis of LDA.
atony causes abomasum to fill with gas--> becomes buoyant and floats up to left side of rumen--> becomes trapped b/w rumen and left body wall--> partial outflow obstruction
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Right DA aka ________.
right abomasal dilatation
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Describe the pathogenesis of RDA.
atony causes abomasum to float up to right side--> partial outflow obstruction
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Describe the pathogenesis of right abomasal volvulus.
starts as RDA--> twists along a line perpendicular to its long axis--> complete abomasal obstruction--> strangulation of tissue
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What are the right flank techniques for correction of a DA? (2)
omentopexy, abomasopexy
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What is the left flank technique for correction of a DA?
abomasopexy
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With a right flank abomasopexy, the __________ is secured to the body wall.
pyloric antrum
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What are the indications for left flank abomasopexy? (3)
adhesions, pregnancy, LDA only
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With a left flank abomasopexy, suture is placed in the _________ and then passed through the ________ to the ______ of the midline, careful to avoid the _______.
greater curvature of the abomasum; ventral body wall; right; milk vein
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Why is it important to remove sutures two weeks after a left flank abomasopexy?
it will wick abomasal fluid through the hole and cause a fistula
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How do you roll a DA?
right side down, roll to dorsal recumbancy
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What are the types of abomasal ulcers?
perforating and bleeding ulcers
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What factors predispose to abomasal ulcers? (3)
stress, NSAIDs, lymphosarcoma
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What 2 things are protective against abomasal ulcers?
progesterone of pregnancy, prostaglandin
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What are clinical signs of absomasal ulcers? (5)
off feed, melena, anemia, ileus, abdominal pain
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How do you treat abomasal ulcers?
bleeding: correct metabolic disturbances, reduce stress; perforating: surgery, treat peritonitis, abdominal lavage
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Left side pings.
LDA, rumen gas (usually lower pitched because under less pressure)
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Right sided pings that require surgery.
RDA, RAV, cecal volvulus
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Right sided pings that do not require surgery.
cecal dilation, intestinal gas, uterine gas, abdominal gas
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What is really the only disease process that requires a left flank exploratory?
hardware
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What aspect of surgical treatment of cecal volvulus is very important?
exteriorization before draining- very contaminated viscous
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What is functional intestinal obstruction? What causes it?
ileus-decreased intestinal motility; mastitis, metritis, toxemia, vagal indigestion
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What is anatomic intestinal obstruction? What are types of anatomical obstruction?
physical obstruction; intraluminal, extraluminal, strangulating, non-strangulating
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What type of intestinal obstruction is a surgical emergency?
anatomic obstruction
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What are clinical signs of non-strangulating intestinal obstruction? (7)
depression, anorexia, decrease GI motility, bloating, low milk, no feces, tenesmus
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What are clinical signs of strangulating intestinal obstruction? (5)
abdominal pain, tachycardia, dehydration, shock, death
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What is a consistent finding with all intestinal obstructions?
dilation of intestines on rectal palpation
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How does obstruction cause metabolic alkalosis?
increased Cl- in rumen, which is more severe the more proximal the obstruction is; K+ follows Cl---> hypokalemia
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What will you see on the biochem profile of an animal with intestinal obstruction?
hypochloremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
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What is highly suggestive of intestinal obstruction on exploratory?
distended and non-distended loops of intestine
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Invagination of a portion of the intestine into the lumen of adjacent bowel?
intussusception
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The portion of intestines that is inside the adjacent bowel.
intussusceptum
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The portion of intestine that is receiving the intussusceptum (recipient).
intussuscepiens
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Intussusception tends to occur where...
the mesentery is longer (jejunojejunal, jejunoileal)
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Intussusception is usually ___________ and therefore a surgical emergency.
strangulating
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What are clinical signs of mesenteric root torsion? (6)
colic, abdominal distension, no feces, distended bowl loops on palpation, tachycardia, dehydration
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__________ is a real danger when you correct an obstruction or intestinal volvulus.
Endotoxemia
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