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What does chemical level include (molecule/atom)
Glucose, DNA, water
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What are the levels to organization?
- Chemical (molecule/atom)
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
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what does tissue level include? (types)
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Nerve
- Muscle
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What types of epithelial tissue are there?
function?
- Simple & Stratified
- Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnal
covers surfaces; lines insides of organs and body cavities
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what types of connective tissue are there?
- fibrous
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
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what are the types of nerve tissue?
- -general somatic efferent
- -general visceral afferent
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What are the types of muscle tissue
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
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what are considered organs
- brain
- heart
- stomach
- kidney
- uterus
- lung
- thymus
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what are the 12 systems in the body?
cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, skeletal, integumentary, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, muscular, lymphatic, immune
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what are the input/output systems?
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
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what are the structural systems?
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what are the communication systems.
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what are the protection systems
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what are the transportation systems
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What system stands alone?
Reproductive
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Plasma membrane
- -defines a functional space for the cell
- -regulates what moves in and out of the cell
- -provides sites for cell markers and recognition molecules
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Cilia
move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell membrane
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microvilli
increases membrane surface area for more absorption/secretion
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flagella
propels sperm in men
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Cytoplasm
- place where metabolic processes happen in the cell
- stores nutrients and dissolved solutes
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER
- synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes;
- also transports and stores molecules
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
smooth er
makes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs/alcohol
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ribosome
- synthesize proteins for:
- use in the cell
- secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane or lysosome (fixed ribosomes)
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Golgi Complex/apparatus
modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion to plasma membrane, or lysosomes
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mitochondrion (mitochondria) and cristae
.. also known as
- synthesize ATP during cellular respiration
- "cell powerhouse"
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lysosome
- digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell
- remove old/damaged organelles
- self destruct (autolyze)
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centriole
organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosomes
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microtubules
support cell; holds organelles in place; maintains cell shape and rigidity; directs organelle movement
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microfilaments
- keeps cell shape
- aids in muscle contraction and intracellular movement
- separates dividing cells
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nucleus
contains DNA, acts as control center, site of ribosome subunit assembly
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nuclear membrane/envelope
physical barrier between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
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what is in nucleoplasm (karyolymph)
contains chromatin
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chromatin
site of genes in the DNA
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nucleolus (nuclei)
synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus
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vacuoles
store food, nutrients, or waste (to keep cell from contamination)
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vesicle
closed cellular structure in the cytoplasm surrounded by a single membrane
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pinocytotic vesicle
- vesicle containing fluid that is digesting into the cell
- (cell drinking)
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phagocytic vesicle
vesicle that is fused with a lysosome
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2 principle body cavities
Dorsal (posterior aspect) and ventral
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what consists of the ventral cavity (3)
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
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what is in the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural and mediastinal (mediastinum) cavity
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what is in the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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what is in the dorsal cavity (Posterior aspect)
cranial and vertebral cavity
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what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
the diaphragm (thoracic)
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what lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? what types are they?
serous membranes
parietal and visceral serous membranes
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what does it mean when a membrane is parietal?
it is inside of the body wall (away from the organ)
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what does it mean when a membrane is visceral?
it means it covers the surface of the organ its protecting
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what membrane lines the mediastinum?
what can be created between these membranes?
What is inside this space?
parietal and visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity space
serous fluid
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what membranes are the pleural cavities lined by?
what is created between these membranes?
whats in them?
parietal and visceral pleura
makes a pleural cavity
serous fluid
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what membranes are the abdominopelvic cavities lined by?
what is created between these membranes?
whats in them?
parietal and visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
serous fluid
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what is chromatin?
heterochromatin vs euchromatin
found in nucleoplasm consisting of RNA, DNA, and protein
heterochromatin-tightly condensed form of DNA (tightly packed)
euchromatin- loose, non condensed form of dna
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Anterior/ventral
towards the front of the body or surface, in front of
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posterior/dorsal
toward the back of the body, behind
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superior
cranial/caudal
towards the head end or upper part of the body's structure, above
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inferior
caudal
away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body structure, below
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medial
towards the midline of the inner side
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intermediate
between, more medial
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proximal
close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
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distal
part farther away from the origin of of the body, away from the point of attachment
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superficial
toward or at the body surface
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deep
away from the body surface, more internal
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coronal/frontal
vertical plane that separates the anterior from the posterior
- chest is in front
- back is in back
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transverse/cross sectional plane
separates the body into superior and inferior
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midsagittal plane (median)
divides the body or organ in right and left halves
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sagittal plane
a plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane but either to the left or right of it
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what are the cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes, plasma cells, chondrocytes, chondroblasts
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types of fibers in connective tissue
collagen fibers, elastic, reticular fibers
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