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When is the transition period?
3 weeks pre-fresh to 1 month post fresh
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5 transition diseases.
hypocalcemia, ketosis, metritis, DA, downer cows
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What is the challenge for cows in the transitional period?
energy needs increase, desire to eat decreases
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What are NEFAs?
non-esterified fatty acids: mobilization of lipid and protein stores from adipose tissue
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What is the hallmark of the transition period?
mobilization of NEFAs from adipose tissue
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Describe the process that leads to NEFAs in the blood stream.
cow's energy demands are high--> cow can't eat enough to meet those demands--> cow compensates by intensive lipolysis--> lipolysis results in release of NEFAs into blood
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What are the consequences of high NEFAs?
bovine liver has limited capacity to metabolize NEFAs into TG; once the limit is reached, TG accumulate in the liver--> converted to ketone bodies
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What ketone bodies are a result of NEFA metabolism in the liver?
acetone, acetoacetate, BHBA
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When ketones are produced in excess of peripheral tissue's capacity to use them, they accumulate in the blood stream. In _________, the ketones appear in...
negative energy balance; blood, milk, urine
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When is NEFA testing used?
on a herd basis- test all right before calving and right after calving to evaluate farm's transition period
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________ is used as a herd-based nutritional test for subclinical ketosis.
BHBA
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Nutrition during the transitional period: _______ is essential.
low energy
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_______ bunk space per cow is mandatory.
30"
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You want to feed a _______ DCAD.
negative
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In order to use a DCAD diet, you must have a __________.
pre-fresh group
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What are the benefits of low energy and low DCAD diet during the transition period? (4)
eliminate hypocalcemia, increases milk production, reduce RP, reduce ketosis, improve conception
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What are the risk factors for a DA? (4)
fat cows at calving, high NEFA pre-calving, high BHBA post-calving, milk fat> 1.5x milk protein
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