Bio 130.txt

Simplest units of life

Organisms use

Organisms can do what with their environment?

Organisms want to maintain ....

Organisms grow and ...

What are the 7 points that make something alive?

A group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed with one another.

An assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.

The biotic community of organisms in an area as well as the abiotic environment affecting that community.

The regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist.

What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change.

Is a progression, accumulation of mutations; natural selection

Substance that cannot be broken down any smaller

Smallest particle of an element

There are 25 essential elements. What are the 4 main?

What percent does the 4 main elements make up of the 25 essential elements?

Smaller amount of elements, but are critical to bodily function.

Life began how long ago?

These atoms have a different number of neutrons for each other.

Have a charge

How many electrons in the electron shells?

Shared electron bonds and are non polar

Polar covalent bond

Bond where and electron is given. Creates a charge.

What does formaldehyde look like

All substances can be placed into 2 categories based on their interaction with water.

Water loving

Water hating

Bonds between polar bonds. Water molecules

Weak bonds between non-polar molecules. Many weak bonds become stronger

Four unique properties of H2O

Concentration of H+ in a solution

This mechanism of evolution involves genetic exchange, very rare, and one of the reasons for antibiotic resistance.

Evolution can be show by diagram in two ways; what are those ways?

This is a diagram of vertical evolution.

THis is a diagram that can show vertical evolution but includes contribution of horizontal gene transfer

Grouping of species based on common ancestry

What are the three main domains?

Unicellular prokaryotic- Inhabit many diverse environments on earth.

Unicellular prokaryotic- live in extreme environments

Unicellular and multiple- have internal componenets that serve different functions. Complex nucleus.

What are the four kingsdoms of Eukarya?

Molecules with predominately or entirely hydrogen-carbon bonds are called

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical featires and properties.

-NH2

-CO

-COH

-COOH

-OH

-Ch3

-PO4^2-

-SO4^-

-SH

Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics are called

have identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers

These have two hydrogen atoms linked to the two carbons of a CwC double bond may be on the same side of the carbons, in which case the C=C bond

are molecules that catalyze, or speed up, the rates of many biologically important chemical reactions

Enzymes are very specific and due to the spatial arrangements of the particular atoms in a molecule what happens with them?

Such large molecules are formed by linking together many smaller molecules called

the process by which two or more molecules combine into a larger one is called

When an organic macromolecule is formed, two smaller molecules combine by condensation, producing a larger molecule along with the loss of a molecule of water. This specific type of condensation reaction is called

isomers that contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

these isomers have identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

Isomer that exists as a pair of molecules that are mirror images

The process by which a polymer is broken down into monomers is called

are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in or close to the proportions represented by the general formula Cn(H2O)n, where n is a whole number

Sugars are small carbohydrates that in some, but not all, cases taste sweet. The simplest sugars are the monomers known as

The most common hexose is

Once inside a cell, enzymes can break down glucose into smaller molecules, releasing energy that was stored in the chemical bonds of glucose. This energy is then stored in the bonds of another molecule, called

Monosaccharides can join together by dehydration to form larger carbohydrates.

The bond formed between two sugar molecules is called

When many monosaccharides are linked together to form long polymers, polysaccharides (meaning many sugars) are made. What are two types of polysccharides?

What is the kind of polysaccharide in plants?

a tough, structural polysaccharide, forms the external skeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi.

are large polysaccharides that play a structural role in animals. For example, they are abundantly found in cartilage, the tough, fibrous material found in bone and certain other animal structures.

are hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon atoms. The defining feature of lipids is that they are nonpolar and therefore insoluble in water.

Fats are also known as?

Fats are made from what two things?

is a three-carbon molecule with one hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded to each carbon

is a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group (—COOH) at one end

When all the carbons in a fatty acid are linked by single covalent bonds, the fatty acid is said to be

some fatty acids contain one or more CwC double bonds and are known as

Animal fats are what kind of fat?

Sat fats are what at room temp and Unsat fats are what at room temp?

are similar in structure to triglycerides but with one important difference. third hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to a phosphate group instead of a fatty acid

Are Amphipathic Lipids

have a distinctly different chemical structure from that of the other types of lipid molecules discussed thus far. Four fused rings of carbon atoms form the skeleton

Are Complex Lipids That Help Prevent Water Loss from Organisms

are polymers found in all cells and play critical roles in nearly all life processes

The building blocks of proteins are?

Make mRNA from a DNA template; synthesize polypeptides from mRNA; regulate genes

These Proteins intiate movement

Proteins that Protect organisms against disease

Proteins that Enable cells to communicate with each other and with the environment

Proteins that Support and strengthen structures

Proteins that promote movement of solutions across plasma membranes

The 20 amino acids found in proteins are distinguished by their

The amino acids are categorized as those in which the side chains are

Amino acids are joined together by a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another (Figure 3.15a). The covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and amino group is called a

When many amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, the resulting molecule is called

structure of a polypeptide is its amino acid sequence, from beginning to end. Determined by genes

Amino acids can rotate around bonds within a polypeptide. Consequently, polypeptides and proteins are flexible and can fold into a number of shapes, just as a string of beads can be twisted into many configurations. Folding can be irregular or certain regions can have a repeating folding pattern. Such repeating patterns are called

What are the two basic types of secondary structures?

the polypeptide backbone forms a repeating helical structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds along the length of the backbone

regions of the polypeptide backbone come to lie parallel to each other

As the secondary structure of a polypeptide chain becomes established due to the particular primary structure, the polypeptide folds and refolds upon itself to assume a complex three-dimensional shape

Most functional proteins are composed of two or more polypeptides that each adopt a tertiary structure and then assemble with each other

The two classes of nucleic acids are

Like other macromolecules, both types of nucleic acids are polymers and consist of linear sequences of repeating monomers. Each monomer, known as a nucleotide, has three components:

Dna is composed of

What are the two DNA Purines acids?

What are the two DNA Pyrimidines bases?

In RNA what is different from DNA?

Amphipathic molecules Have what kind of parts?

The Fantastic four biological macromolecules are?

Mono, Di, Tri, and Tetra?

Some examples of monosaccharides.

some examples of disaccharide

An example of trisaccharide

Some examples of polysaccharides

This is an important component of cell membranes and made in the liver

What are two very important biological molecules made from cholecterol?

What are some otehr cholesterol based hormones?

Organelles

Bacterial: Contained w/in plasma membrane.

Bacterial: DNA is located here.

Bacterial: These synthesize proteins

Bacterial: Support and protection of cell

Bacterial: Traps water and gives protection

Bacterial: Appendages

Before nucleus

What do ribosomes produce?

What does the Rough ER produce?

Where does mitosis occur in animal cells?

What are non-membrane bound organelles?

Cytoskeleton elements

Cytoskeleton element: Gives structure, organelles attach to stay, highway for things to move, and cell division

Cytoskeleton element: Gives the cell strength

Cytoskeleton element: Cell movement- endocytosis movement. Cell division

These have a hinge, tail, and head. Use ATP for movement. Are a walking analog

What are the three kinds of movement involved with protein transport?

What doe sthe centrole do?

This is a ridgid structure in plants and fungi for protection and filtering.

Membrane bound organelles

This is protein and DNA

This is a small strand that is an intermediate filament that is involved with chromatin organization, anchoring pores, and anchoring complexes like smooth and rough er

A faulty lamina genes leads to these diseases

Are chromosomes randomly distributed within the nucleus?

Rough ER makes?

Smooth ER makes?

Vesicles are?

The organelle processes and packages proteins.

What are the 3 types of vacules?

This vacule is within plans and is the storage of water and water soluble waste.

This vacule is in Algea and is for water regulation

This vacule is in paramecium and is for food digestion.

These are acidid, digestive enzymes, that digest food and dmaged organelles

What are the two semi-autonomous organelles?

This semi-autonomous organelle uses ATP, has out and innter membranes, Intermediate space and matrix. Sythesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules. Contain their own DNA and divide by binary fussion

These Semi-autonomous organelle are involved with photosyntheis. Caputes light and uses that energy to sythesize organic molecular glucose. All plants and algea

This theory explains why there are these Semi-autonomous organelle