Community Chapters 1-4

a group or collection of individuals interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and goals.

formed by natural and/or man-made boundaries 

• Examples: 
• cities
• counties
• states 
• nations
• school districts
• census tracts
• zip codes
• neighborhoods

relational, interactive groups. The place or setting is more abstract and people share a group perspective or identity based on culture, values, history, interests, and goals

• Examples: 
• schools
• colleges
• churches
• social networks

type of phenomenonological community

collection of people who form a group specifically to address a common need or consern

• Community: residents of a small town
• Population: all elders in a rural region
• Aggregate: pregnant teens within a school district

• Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death
• Achieve health equicty, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
• Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
• Promote quality of life, healthy development and healthy behaviors across all life stages

• Access to health services
• Clinical preventive services
• Environmental quality
• Injury and Violence
• Maternal-infant and child health 
• Mental health 
• Nutrition physical activity and obesity
• Oral health 
• Reproductive and sexual health 
• Social determinants
• Substance abuse
• tobacco

organized health efforts at the community level through both governmental and private efforts.

Rec cross

focus on prevention and promotion of population health at the federal, state, and local levels. Efforts at the federal and state level concentrate on providing support and advisory servicse to public health structures at the local leavel

• Assessment
• Policy development
• Assurance

Prevention of problems before they occur

immunizations

Early detection and interventions

Screening for stds

correction and prevention of deterioration of disease state

teaching to administer insulin at home

population

application of the nursing process in caring for individuals familes and groups where they live, work or go to school or as they move through the health care system

the community

the individual and the family

concentrates on specific groups of people and focuses on health promotion and disease prevention, regardless of geographic location

• focuses on the entire population
• Is based on assessment of the populations health status
• Considers the broad determinants of health
• Emphasizes all levels of prevention
• Intervenes with communities, systems, individuals, and families

describes and monitors health events through ongoing and sysematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of heatlh data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions

systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures

locates populations of interest or poulations at risk and provides info about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained

locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources

optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and fmailies and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services

promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose

utilizes commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitueds, values, beliefs, behaviors and practices of the population interest

before 10,000 BC

• small aggregates
• disease couldnt spread easily

10,000-6,000 BC

• formed small villigaes
• concentration of people caused new health problems such as TB
• domesticated plants may have reduced the range of consumable nutrients
• waterborne diseases due to cross contamination of water supply

6000-1600 BC

• large urban centers
• increased food and waste prodcuts
• rodent infestation lead to plague
• small pox, mumps, measles, flue

increase in TB, pneumonia, and bronchitis, diptheria, smallpx, typhoid, typhus, measles, malaria, yellow fever

travel spreads

occupational

diseases that are always present in a population

diseases that are not always present but flare up on occation

the existence of disease in a large proportion of the population, a global epidemic

• a water board to maintain the aqueducts
• a supervisor of the public baths
• street cleaners
• supervision of the sale of food

churches

• Famililal/relative responsibility 
• Parish responsible for maintaing the poor not supported by their family or church

Leeuwenhoek

health pamplets

• examined death rates by occupation and class in England
• Cholera
• Quantitative data

• child health reform 
• well visits

vaccine

surgical wound care

immuniations, germs

transmission of cholera in public water source

causitive agent for cholera and TB

forced governments to take action

Flexner report

linda rogers

• change from infectious to chronic
• vaccines, antibiotics, programs
• holistic
• sanitation and nutrition
• multicasual, not unicasual, view of disease
• social concerns 
• insurance
• increased cost
• increased technology
• discrimination and racism
• femanist movement
• bioterrorism preparedness
• disasters