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Atoms
- Matter was thought to be made from tiny indestructible building blocks
- First proposed in early 1800's by John Dalton.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
The atom is the basic unit from which matter is constructed.
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Subatomic Particles
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons which make up the atom.
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Necleus
The compact core of an atom made up of Proton and Neutrons.
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Protons
- Mass of 1.6726 x 10-*24 G
- Mass of 1.0073 AMU
- Positive
- Location in Nucleus
- Same number of electrons
- Property is to attract electrons closer
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Neutrons
- Mass of 1.6750 x 10-*24
- Mass of 1.0087 AMU
- Neutral
- Location in Necleus
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Electron
- Mass of 9.110 x-*28
- Mass of 5.486 x 10-*4 AMU
- Negative
- Location outside of Nucleus
- Same number of Protons
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Element
A substance that contains only one type of atom.
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Atomic Symobl
A one or two letter abbreviation of the element name
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Atomic Number
- The number of protons that an atom has in its nucleus
- Also same number of electrons
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Mass Number
The total number of Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Notation
- To specify the number of Protons and Neutrons in the nucleus of a particular atom
- 14/7N
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Isotopes
- Atoms of an element that have different numbers of Neutrons
- All elements have more than one isotope and the isotopes of an element are usually not present in nature in equal amounts.
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Atomic Weight
- The average mass of the atoms of an element, as it is found in nature.
- ~50% 79/35Br (mass=78.92 amu) and ~50% 81/35Br (mass=80.92 amu).
- The Atomic Weight is 79.91 amu, which falls in between
- Located under Atomic Symbol of Table
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Group
Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table belong to the same group
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Group - Alkali Metals
- 1A
- H? - Li - Na - K - Rb - Cs
- Hydrogen? - Lithium - Sodium - Potassium - Rubidium - Cesium
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Group - Alkaline Earth Metals
- A2
- Be - Mg - Ca - Sr - Ba - Ra
- Beryllium - Magnesium - Calcium - Strontium - Barium - Radium
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Group - Halogens
- 7A
- F - Cl - Br - I - At
- Florine - Chlorine - Bromine - Iodine - Astatine
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Group - Inert or Noble Gases
- 8A
- He - Ne - Ar - Kr - Xe - Rn
- Helium - Neon - Argon - Krypton - Xenon - Radon
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Representative Elements
Groups 1A - 8A (Main Group)
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Transition Metals (Elements)
Groups 1B - 8B
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Lanthanide Elements
Atomic Numbers of 58 - 71
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Actinide Elements
Atomic Numbers of 90 - 103
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Period
- Elements in the same horizontal row of the Periodic Table
- "Period" relates to the periodic (regular) changes that take place in the properties of elements as you move through them in order of atomic number
- H and He make up the frist period
- Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, and Ne are the second period
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Periodic Change
- When metals, semi-metals and nonmetals change in the same period
- In 3rd period - Na, Mg, and Al are metals then moving to Si which is semi-metal then to P, S, Cl, and Ar which are Nonmetals.
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Atomic Size
- Generally decreases when moving left to right from a period
- Increase when moving down a group
- More Protons means electrons are attracted closer to the center, decreasing in size
- Going down, we begin getting more shells of electrons, increasing in size.
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Mole
- Used when a very large number of atom are involved in experiments
- One mole of something contains 6.02 x 10*23 items
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Avogadro's Number
- 6.02 x 10*23
- Is equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12
- 12.01 g C
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Molar Mass
- The mass (in grams) of one mole of the atoms of an element
- Numerically equal to the atomic weight of the elements (in amu).
- Example - AW of Li is 6.94 amu and MolMass of Li is 6.94 g/mol.
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Ground State
- Most stable electron arrangement
- When electrons are in energy levels as near as possible to the nucleus
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Excited State
- An orbit farther from the nucleus
- When ground state hydrogen atom absorbs energy it's electrons is pushed to
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Electromagnetic Radiation
Type of energy that travels as waves
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Metals and Non-metals and Chemical Property
- Metals - Lose an electron during chemical property
- Nonmetals - Gain electron during chemical property
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Row of elements: Periods
- 1: 2 elements
- 2 and 3: 8 elements each
- 4 and 5: 18 elements each
- 6: 32 : 18 + 14 (Lanthanide)
- 7: Incomplete
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Electron Dot Structure
Shows the number of valence electrons a atom carries
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What group of elements cannot lose or gain electrons?
Inert Gases - 8A - very stable and lazy
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Element
Substance that contains only one type of atom
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