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Boyle's Law
When T is constant the V is inversely proportional to the P
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Charles's Law
- When P is constant the V is proportional to the T
- -
Test Tip: Charles -> Centigrade
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Gay-Lussac's Law
When V is constant the P is proportional to T
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Dalton's Law
The total P of a gas mixture is the sum of the individual or partial pressures of all gases in the mixture
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Henry's Law
- -solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.
- -causes bends in scuba diving during ascent.
Test Tip: Henry->Heineken
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Grahm's Law
- -gases go from a higher P or concentration to a region of lower P or concentration.
- -example is simple diffusion
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Hypoxia
-decrease in tissue oxygen or an oxygen supply inadequate to meet tissue needs
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Hypoxemia
-a decrease in arterial blood oxygen tension
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Hypercapnia
-an increased amount of CO2 in blood
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Four stages of hypoxia
- 1) indifferent stage
- 2) compensatory stage
- 3) disturbance stage
- 4) critical stage
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Indifferent stage
- Sea level-10,000 ft
- -in this stage the body reacts with increased heart rate and ventilation
Night vision loss occurs at 5000 ft
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Compensatory Stage
- 10,000-15,000 ft
- -increased B/P, heart rate,depth and rate of respiration.
- -efficency and performance of tasks requiring mental alertness becomes impaired
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Disturbance Stage
- 15,000-20,000 ft
- -characterized by dizziness, sleepiness, tunnel vision, and cyanosis
- -thinking becomes slow and muscle coordination decreases
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Critical Stage
- 20,000-30,000 ft
- -marked mental confusion and incapacitation followed by unconsciousness usually within a few minutes
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Hypoxic Hypoxia
-deficency in alveolar oxygen exchange
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Hypemic Hypoxia
-reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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Stagnant Hypoxia
-occurs when conditions exist that result in the reduced total cardiac output
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Hystolic Hypoxia
-occurs when metabolic disorders or poisoning of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme system results in the cells inability to use molecular oxygen
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Temp change with altitude
Climb 100m=drop 10C
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Value of "One standard atmosphere"
- -760 torr
- -14.7 psi
- -101.3 kPa
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Calculation of FiO2 at different Barometric Pressures
- (PB1 x FiO21) / PB2 = FiO22
- -where PB is the barometric pressure
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MSL
-mean sea level refers to elevation above sea level
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AGL
-above ground level refers to elevation above ground directly below aircraft
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Emergency locator transmitter "ELT" frequency
121.5 Hz
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Effective PerformanceTime
-the amount of time you are able to perform useful flying duties in an environment of inadequate O2
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Time of Useful Consciousness
refers to the amount of time from the point of exposure to an oxygen-deficient environment to the point deliberate function is lost
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Barotitis Media
- -refered to as ear block resulrs from failure of the middle ear space to ventilate when going from low to high pressure
- -Descent
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Barosinusitis
- -sinus block caused by acute or chronic inflammation
- -Ascent
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Barodontalgia
- -toothache caused by exposure to changing barometric pressures
- -Ascent
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Barobariatrauma
- -caused by a large/sudden release of nitrogen from adipose tissue of the body upon decompression
- -replace the nitrogen with oxygen
- -Test tip: Barobariatrauma -> Pre-oxygenate first
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