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Name the deep fatty layer
hypodermis
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Name the two distinct regions of the integumentary system
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Name functions of the skin
- Protection - Cushions, insulates, waterproof, chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria, UV
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- Regulates body heat
- Prevents unnecessary water loss
- Sensory reception (nerve endings)
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Name the tissue type of the epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous (floor tiles) epithelium
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Name the four types of cells of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
- Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin
- Merkel cells – associated with sensory nerve endings
- Langerhans cells – macrophage-like dendritic cells
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Name the four basic types of tissue
- Epithelium (Epidermis)
- Connective tissue (Dermis)
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
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Name the strong, durable connective tissue (your hide)
dermis
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Name the fiber types of the Dermis
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Name the two layers of the dermis
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What type of tissue is in the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
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What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis?
Network of collagen and reticular fibers
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tissue that lines blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs
permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gasses
simple squamous epithelial tissue
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outer layer of skin, mouth, and vagina
protects against abrasion, drying out, and infection
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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lines kidney tubules and glands
secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules
simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
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lines ducts of sweat glands
secretes water and ions
stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
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lines most digestive organs - stomach and intestines
absorbs nutrients, produces mucus
simple columnar epithelial tissue
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lines respiratory tract and some tubes of reproductive tract
involved with celia and goblet cells/attached at basement membrane
pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
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has several layers and can be stretched in response to tension
found in the lining of the urinary system
transitional epithelial tissue
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secrete products onto a free surface through a duct
exocrine glands
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ductless glands that secrete products into the blood
endocrine
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flattened cells (tiles)
squamous
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several layers of epithelium
stratified epithelium
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single layers of epithelium
simple epithelium
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name the layers of the epidermis
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Name the 3 cartilage types
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
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areolar connective tissue
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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simple squamous epithelium
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dense regular connective tissue
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elastic connective tissue
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dense irregular connective tissue
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name the 3 types of LOOSE connective tissue
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Name the 3 types of DENSE connective tissue
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic
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Name the three pigments that make up our skin color
- melanin
- carotene
- hemoglobin
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Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same number in all races) to keratinocytes in
stratum basale
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arrector pili is made up of what type of muscle
smooth muscle
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name the functions of hair
- Warmth – less in man than other mammals
- Sense light touch of the skin
- Protection - scalp
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name the 3 types of sweat glands
- Eccrine
- Apocrine
- Modified apocrine glands
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most common and numerous sweat gland
eccrine
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sweat glands in axillary, anal, and genital areas only
apocrine
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sweat gland that produces ear wax and milk
modified apocrine gland
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bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
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bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
Appendicular skeleton
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function of bones
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell formation
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Name the line that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis on long bones
epiphyseal line (growth plate)
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Name the ends of the long bones
epiphysis
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name the shaft of the long bones
diaphysis
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spongy bone is contained in what part of the long bones?
epiphysis
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yellow marrow is contained in what part of the long bones?
diaphysis
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red marrow is located where?
- infants - medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
- adults - diploë (crevices) of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
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weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen in compact bone
lamella
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central channel containing blood vessels and nerves of compact bone
Haversian or central canal
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channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal of compact bone
Volkmann's canals
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mature bone cells
osteocytes
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small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lacunae
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hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
canaliculi
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A bone fracture where bone ends retain their normal position
non-displaced fracture
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A bone fracture where bone ends are out of normal alignment
displaced fracture
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A bone fracture where bone is broken all the way through
complete
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A bone fracture where bone is not broken all the way through
incomplete
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A bone fracture where the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
linear
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A bone fracture where the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
transverse
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A bone fracture where bone ends penetrate the skin
compound
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A bone fracture where bone ends do not penetrate the skin
simple (closed)
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name the 4 stages of healing a fractured bone
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
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Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
osteoporosis
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Name the 3 major regions of the axial skeleton
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic cage
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The axial skeleton consists of how many bones?
80
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How many facial bones?
14
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The only freely movable joint in skull?
Temporomandibular joint
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- 1 = frontal sinus
- 2 = ethmoid air cells (sinus)
- 3 = sphenoidal sinus
- 4 = maxillary sinus
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Name the freely movable bone that is the movable base for the tongue and the site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
Hyoid bone
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The vertebral column consists of how many bones?
26
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How many of each set of vertebrae?
- cervical = 7
- thoracic = 12
- lumbar = 5
- sacrum
- coccyx
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Ligaments that connect from neck to sacrum
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
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Ligaments that connects adjacent vertebrae
Ligamentum flavum
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Ligaments that connect each vertebra to those above and below
Short ligaments
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The sternum is composed of 3 bones, name them
- Manubrium
- Sternal body
- Xiphoid process
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- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
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Name the 3 anatomical landmarks of the sternum
- Jugular notch
- Sternal notch
- Xiphisternal joint
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How many pair of ribs?
12
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Rib pairs 8 - 12
False ribs
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Rib pair 11 - 12
Floating ribs
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Name the 4 fontanelles
- anterior
- posterior
- mastoid
- sphenoidal
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What 3 bones form the coxal bone?
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What 3 bones form the bony pelvis?
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The site where two or more bones meet
Articulation
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What are the function of joints?
- Hold skeleton together
- Give skeleton mobility
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Name the 3 classification of joints
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
- diarthroses
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immovable joints, such as the pubic arch
synarthrosis
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slightly movable joints
amphiarthroses
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freely movable joints
diarthrosis
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Name the 3 structural classification of joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
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Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity and mostly immovable?
fibrous joints
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Bones united by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
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Name the two types cartilaginous joints
- Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
- Symphyses (fibrocartilage - pubic symphysis)
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Muscles attached to immovable bone is called?
Origin
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Muscles attached to movable bone is called?
Insertion
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Name the 3 types of muscle tissue
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Name 4 important functions of muscles
- movement of bones or fluids
- maintaining posture
- stabilizing joints
- heat generation
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Each muscle is served by ?
- one artery
- one nerve
- one or more veins
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The outside layer of entire muscle?
Epimysium (Epi = out)
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The wrapping layer of a fascicle?
Perimysium (Peri = around)
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The layer between individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium (Endo = within)
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On the smallest scale of a contraction of muscle tissue?
Sarcomere
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Many sarcomere's make one
Muscle
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A muscle where the epimysium is fused to periosteum of bone of perichondrium of cartilage is what type of attachment?
Direct
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A muscle where the connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as rope-like tendon is what type of attachment?
Indirect
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thin muscle filaments are what type?
Actin
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thick muscle filaments are what type?
Myosin
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The muscle cycle when an energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament?
Cross bridge formation
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What two things are needed for the myosin head to cock and be ready for the muscle cycle?
ATP and Calcium
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A muscle contraction with no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load - this is the energy put in before moving something
isometric contraction
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A muscle contraction when the muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load
Isotonic contraction
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The term when muscles contract, fatigue, then recruit others to contract then fatigue, and the cycle continues or until complete fatigue
Asynchronously
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Glycolysis that happens in cytoplasm and does not require O2?
anaerobic
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Glycolysis that happens in mitochondria and requires O2?
aerobic
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A metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis that uses aerobic pathways
oxidative fibers
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A metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis that uses anaerobic glycolysis
Glycolytic fibers
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Name the 3 muscle fiber types
- Slow oxidative fibers
- Fast oxidative fibers
- Fast glycolytic fibers
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