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amanda430
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Which artery is the only one with O2?
Pulmonary Artery
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What are the landmarks of the heart?
- Pericardium
- Mediastinum
- 2nd and 5th intercostal
- base vs apex
- apical pulse (apex)
- PMI, L ventricle
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What occurs during systole
- heart pumps blood out
- S1
- Closing of AV valves ( Tricuspid, Mitral)
- R Ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve-open)
- L ventricle pumps blood to aorta (aortic valve is open)
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Describe Diastole?
- Heart fills with blood
- S2
- Semilunar valves close (aortic and pulmonic)
- R. atrium fills-Tricuspid valve open
- L. Atrium fills- Mitral Valve is open
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What are the semilunar valves?
Aortic and Pulmonic
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What is the equation for CO?
CO= Stroke volume x HR
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What is the equation for BP?
Co x SVR
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What is preload?
- Ventricles stretch to capacity
- Volume overload
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What is afterload?
- Ventricles contract to capacity
- Pressure overload
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How much blood is pumped per min?
5 qts
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Where to men tend to experience MI?
Left arm, jaw, chest
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Where to women tend to experience MI?
back pain
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What are the two main categories for cardiac causes of chest pain?
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What are the ischemia causes of chest pain?
MI, stable, unstable, varies
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What are non-ischemia causes of chest pain?
- Mitral Valve Prolapse**: one/both valve leaflets prolapse back into atrial during systole
- Pericarditis
- Dissecting aneuryms
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What are pulmonary causes of chest pain?
- Pulmonary Embolism: dyspnea more common, could be asymptomatic
- Pleurisy: inflammation around lung
- Pulmonary HTN: dyspnea is more common, non radiating
- Mediastinum Emphysema: air in the mediastinum
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What is Hammer's sign?
- sounds like someone walking through snow
- sign of mediastinum emphysema
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What is an embolism?
blood clot that travels to lung
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What are GI causes of chest pain?
- GERD
- Esophageal Reflux
- Gallstone colic
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What is orthopnea?
dyspnea when lying down
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What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
difficulty breathing after lying down for several mins/hours
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What is pulmonary edema and the signs?
- pulmonary congestion (L-sided heart failure)
- Pink Frothy Sputum
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What is pink frothy sputum an indication of?
pulmonary edema
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What is valvular heart disease?
- involving one or more of the heart valves
- Principal symptom: dyspnea
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When does valvular heart disease occur?
- Late mitral regurg
- Aortic stenosis/regurg
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What are the two types of palpitations?
- Sudden onset
- Gradual Acceleration
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What is syncope?
Fainting
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What is the most common reason for syncope?
Vasovagal, mediated by vagus nerve CN 10
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What are cardiovascular causes of syncope generally?
Anything that affects blood flow to the brain
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What is ascites?
abdominal swelling
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What is the most common cause of edema?
R sided heart failure (CHF)
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What is anasarca?
- edema everywhere
- Caused by heart failure, liver failure, nephrotic failure
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What is nocturia?
peeing a lot at nighttime
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What is general cyanosis and indication of?
decreased pulmonary venous saturation
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What is peripheral cyanosis
Decreased CO (CHF or Shock)
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If fatigue is worse in evening, it's a sign of __
Decreased CO
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What is hemoptysis?
coughing up blood
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What is the most common cause of hemoptysis?
mitral valve stenosis (MVS)
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What is infarction?
local tissue death due to obstruction of tissue's blood supply
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What is orthostatic hypotension?
Systolic drops > 15 mmHg, HR increases > 10 beats per min
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What are some causes of hypotension?
- vascular volume loss (diarrhea, vomiting)
- Medications
- Prolonged Bed Rest
- ANS dysfunction
- Parkinson's Disease
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How would you describe the carotid arteries?
- Brisk- Normal
- Diminished- Decreased
- Bounding
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What is the jugular venous pressure?
- The distance between the jugular pulse and the angle of louis
- Generally 8 cm
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What is the precoridium?
portion of body over the chest
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What do you inspect the precordium for?
lifts or heaves
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What do you palpate for the cardiovascular system?
- PMI (5th intercostal, midclavicular)
- looking for a thrill
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What if the PMI is in a different spot?
Then LV has dilation
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What are the signs of ventricular hypertrophy?
increased force and duration, but no change in location
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What does S3 usually mean?
mitral stenosis
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Where does S1=S2?
Erb's point
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What is a split S2?
When the Aortic valve closes before the pulmonic
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What is S3 called?
- Ventricular Gallop (kentucky)
- During Diastole
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What is S4 called?
- Atrial Gallop/Kick (Tennesse)
- During Diastole
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What is S3 the first sign of?
CHF
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How do you tell if murmur is aortic regurg?
Heard at Base, during S2 (Diastole)
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How do you tell if a murmur is aortic stenosis?
Apex during S1 (Systolic)
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How do you tell if a murmur is Tricuspid regurg?
Apex, during S1 (Systolic)
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How do you tell if a murmur is tricupsid stenosis?
Base, S2 (Diastole)
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How do you describe a murmur?
- When does it happen: systole/diastole
- Duration: early/mid/late diastole/systole
- Quality: harsh, soft, blowing, rumbling
- Pitch: high, medium, low
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What is the foramen Ovale?
- Opening between R and L atrium in a fetus
- Closes when O2 hits
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What is patent duct arteriosus
bypasses lungs in fetus because they aren't working in the lung
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What should you expect about RR and HR in a baby?
Increased RR and Increased HR
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