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Science
The knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested
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Technology
The application of science for practical purposes
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Scientific Law
A summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work
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Scientific Theory
An explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning
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Critical Thinking
The ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgements on the basis of objective and supported reasons
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Scientific Method
OHEC Used go solve problems
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Variables
A factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis
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Length
A measure of the straight-line distance between two points
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Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
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Volume
A measure of the size of a body or region in 3 - dimensional space
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Weight
A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
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Scientific Notation
A method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power
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Precision
The exactness of the measurement
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Significant Figures
A prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of measurement
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Accuracy
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
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Chemistry
The scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Element
A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
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Atom
The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
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Compound
Is substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically combined
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Molecule
the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all the physical and chemical properties of that substance
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Chemical Formula
A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance
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Pure Substance
A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
Matter that has a fixed composition and definite properties
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Mixture
The combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
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Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture where the substances are not mixed uniformly and are not evenly distributed
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Homogenous Mixture
A mixture with substances that are mixed uniformly and evenly distributed
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Melting Point
The temperature and pressure at which is solid becomes a liquid
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Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid becomes gas
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Density
The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of a substance
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Reactivity
The ability of a substance to combine chemically with another substance
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Flammability
The ability of a substance to react in the presence of oxygen and burn when exposed to flame
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Physical Change
A change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
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Chemical Change
A change that occurs when a substance changes composition by forming one or more new substances
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Plasma
A state of matter that starts as a gas and then becomes ionized
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Energy
The capacity to do work
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Thermal energy
The kinetic energy of a substance's atoms
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Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
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Sublimation
The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas (sometimes used for reverse process)
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Condensation
The change of a substance from a gas to liquid
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Fluid
A non solid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, examples include a gas or liquid
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Buoyant force
The upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid
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Pressure
Amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
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Archimedes' Principle
The principle that states the buoyant force on an object in the fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces
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Pascal
The SI unit of pressure, equal to the force of 1 N exerted over an area of 1 m² (abbreviation, Pa)
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Pascal's principle
Principle that states that a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel in search of pressure of equal intensity in all directions sensible that states that a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel in search of pressure off in clinton city in all directions
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Viscosity
The resistance of a gas or liquid to flow
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Boyle's Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as the pressure of the gas decreases and vice versa
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Charles' Law
For a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and vice versa
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Gay-Lussac's Law
If the pressure of the gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of a gas does not change
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Nucleus
An atom's central region which is made up of protons and neutrons
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Proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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Orbital
A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
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Valence electron
An electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atoms chemical properties
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Periodic Law
When elements are arranged this way, similarities in their properties will occur in a regular pattern
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Period
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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Group/Family
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table
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Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a lost or gained one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
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Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Mass number
The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleas of an atom
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Isotopes
An atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element do, but that has a different number of neutrons
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Atomic mass unit
Unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule, it is exactly one- twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom with mass number 12
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Average atomic mass
The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element
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Metals
Element that is shiny and conducts heat and electricity well
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Nonmetal
Element the conducts heat and electricity poorly
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Semiconductor
An element or compound that conducts electric current better than an insulator but not as well as a conductor
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Alkali Metals
An Element of Group 1
- Soft
- Shiny
- Reacts violently with water
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Alkaline-Earth Metals
Element in group 2
Reactive but not as much as Alkali
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Transition metal
Element of Groups 3-12
Not as reactive
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Halogens
Element of group 17
Reactive
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Noble gases
Unreactive element of group 18
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Mole
The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in 12 g of carbon - 12
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Avogadro's Constant
Equals 6.022 ✖ 10²³/ mol ; The number of particles in 1 mol
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Molar mass
Mass in grams of one mole of a substance
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Chemical Bond
The attractive force that holds atoms together
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Chemical Structure
Arrangement of atoms in a substance
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Bond Length
Average distance between two nuclei of two bonded atoms
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Bond Angle
Angle formed by two bonds to the same atom
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Ionic Bond
- Bond formed by oppositely charged ions
- Conducts electricity in water
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Metallic Bonds
A bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them
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Covalent Bonds
Bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, they are often formed between non metal atoms
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Polyatomic Ions
An ion made of two or more atoms
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Empirical Formula
Composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio
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Molecular formula
Tells how many atoms are in one molecule of the compound
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Organic compounds
Covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates & oxides
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Polymers
Large molecule that's formed by now than 5 monomers (small units)
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Carbohydrate
Any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
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Protein
Organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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Amino Acid
Any 1 of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and amino group and that combine to form proteins
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