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The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has set a standard categorization for each type, listed in NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction:
WHO Never Farts from 5-1
- • Type V: Frame (wood)
- • Type IV: Heavy timber
- • Type III: Ordinary
- • Type II: Noncombustible
- • Type I: Fire resistive
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The main point to remember in the perfor-mance of wood as a structural member is ______ ratio.
surface-to-mass
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The larger the beam, the ______ the load it can carry and the ____the beam can burn before losing its structural integrity.
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The second-most important point to remember in wood-frame construction is the _______ used to hold the structural members together.
connection method
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This type of construction involves a wood stud framing sys-tem in which the studs run continuously the full building height and there is no inherent firestop-ping provided between floors.
Balloon Frame
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The hazard associated with these structures is the ability for the fire to spread ____and ____ throughout the structure without visible indication.
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In _____ construction there can be early col-lapse of the ___ and in these structures as the fire destroys the mass of the wood near the connec-tion points.
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The ______, sometimes referred to as west-ern framing, is the most common type of new frame construction in use today.
platform frame
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The platform framing method creates a _______ on each floor and an inherent ____ between each floor.
- compartmentation
- firestopping
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You can sometimes identify platform framing construction by offset _____. .
windows and doors
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Remember, in the balloon-frame construction, the doors and windows were stacked _____.
vertically
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The ______ is a framing system using posts (vertical members) and beams (horizontal members) to create a load-bearing frame connected by rigid points.
post and beam
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A very common and controversial construction method uses _________.
lightweight truss construction
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Which frame is an engineered construction in which the entire structure is tied together into a unitized frame?
The truss frame is an
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In the truss frame construction which walls are load bearing and built in the typical platform-frame method.
The stud walls
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Truss frame construction can be used for build-ings up to _______ .
three stories
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The inte-gral part of the truss system is that each member is _______ the next.
dependent upon
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A_____is basically a number of triangles put together at the desired span and height. These triangles are typ-ically fastened using a ______, which is a metal plate about _____ thick that has been stamped to make jagged teeth on one side (the thickness will vary a bit based on design requirements).
- truss
- gusset plate
- 0.05 inches
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Defects in the wood members, such as warpage, shrinkage, and torn or lifted grain, can____ the members. The loading can cause the wood mem-bers to bend and deform. The biggest concern is the condition of the _______ methods.
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________ are also called gang nailers, staple plates, or metal tooth plate connectors.
Gusset plates
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The metal staple is designed to penetrate the wood from 0.25 to ____ inches, but often can be found with a penetration of less than ____ inches.
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Treating wood with phosphates and sul-fates to protect from fire caused problems. The plywood begins to deteriorate due to high ______ and tempera-tures in attics and cocklofts. This deterioration of the plywood caused it to become _____, enough to _____ under the weight of a person walking on the roof.
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Heavy timber construction, referred to by some as______, is constructed with very large- dimension lumber. The heavy timber construction is capable of sustaining massive loads commonly found in ________.
- mill construction
- old industrial buildings
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The exterior walls of the heavy timber construc-tion are made of ______.
masonry.
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The hazard in heavy timber structures is that the walls and ceilings are typically ______ and lack any real fire _______.
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_____, heavy timber or mill, construction can be found in many older factory towns, old barns, and storage buildings. .
Type IV
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Type IV construction has an inherent built-in fire protection in the size of the _____ and ____. Remember that wood loses its strength by losing its _____.
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_______ is composed of masonry load-bearing walls with wood-joisted floors and a wood roof.
Ordinary construction
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The building materials for the load- bearing walls in ordinary construction consist of brick, _______, or both.
concrete block
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The thickness of walls can vary from __ to ___ inches.
6 to 30
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Ordinary construction are used for _____, hotels, motels, _______, retail buildings, and other commer-cial and light industrial purposes. They typically run ______stories tall, although there have been some built to heights of _____.
- residences
- office buildings
- one to three
- ten stories
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In ordinary construction the floors are constructed of wood joists and often are covered with at least ___-thick tongue-and-grooved boards.
1-inch
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The ordinary constructed building has the load-bearing walls along the _____ part of the building.
longest
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In some older ordinary construction buildings, you might see a star, a letter S , a channel, a circle, or another decorative device on the exterior of the building, his device called a _____.
spreader
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A _______, is used to spread a load between two or more struc-tural members.
spreader
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There are two types of spreaders
- • Type 1 spreader. A rod or cable runs parallel to the joists and ties the walls together to increase the stability of either or both walls.
- • Type 2 spreader. Tensile members, rod or cable, run perpendicular to the joists and tie the first three or four floor joists to the wall.
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_____, noncombustible, construction employs building materials that will ____ ___ fuel to the fire but that can suffer from the effects of the fire. .
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Noncombustible buildings often have exposed ______ and iron beams that can _____ and fail during fires.
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______ fire-resistive building is built with steel, concrete, and other fire-resistive or fire-rated mate-rials.
Type I
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________ buildings are built with struc-tural components that will not burn and that will resist the effects of fire for a long period of time.
Fire-resistive (type I)
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The typi-cal rule of thumb for the expansion of unprotected steel is_____ for every _____ at approximately ____. Because of the effects fire has on steel, it is usually covered with a ________ material. Steel fail at _____.
- 1 inch
- 10 feet
- 800°F
- fire-protective
- 1000°F
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The top and bottom members of the truss are called the ____. The inside members are called the ___ . The trusses are tied together with connecting members called ___, and the connections are ____.
- chords
- web
- ties
- panel points
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The most dangerous truss is the ______. It is easy to identify by its _____ top chord. .
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_________ are common in bowling alleys, skating rinks, and other large buildings requiring a long, uninterrupted span.
Bowsting trusses
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The most common truss for roof construction is the ______. This truss is found in most of today’s homes and small commercial buildings.
peaked roof truss
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___________ is triangular in shape to provide the peaked roof. The trusses are placed close together— __ to __inches on center.
- The peaked roof truss
- 16 to 24
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The trusses used in Type ____ commercial structures are typically all steel.
II
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The opening between the top and bottom chords of a parallel chord truss
Interstitial space
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The shortcoming of truss construction is the same as that we find with any construction method: _________
the connectors
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When a lightweight wooden truss burns, it quickly loses its ____ and its structural stability
mass
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A connecting member, such as a gusset plate, that holds the truss members together.
Tie
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Engineered lumber products include the laminated beam and engi-neered ___.
I-beam
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The top and bottom boards of an engineered wood I-beam , referred to as the ____.
flanges
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The flanges of the engineered wood I beam are typically _______, whereas the web is plywood, ________or some other type of wood laminated together.
- solid wood
- oriented strand board (OSB),
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The primary hazard associated the engineered wood I beam is that it is relatively ______ and therefore more susceptible to deterioration and failure under _______.
- lightweight
- fire conditions
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The inside members of the truss is a____.
Web
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