RCA: Abdomen

  1. Give a general description of the abdomen and its margin, and visceral contents;
    • Margin: The inferior thoracic aperture forms the superior opening to the abdomen, and is closed by the diaphragm.
    • - Inferiorly, the deep abdominal wall is continuous with the pelvic wall at the pelvic inlet.
    • - Superficially, the inferior limit of the abdominal wall is the superior margin of the lower limb.
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    • Viscera: Abdominal viscera are either suspended in the peritoneal cavity by mesenteries or positioned between the cavity and the musculoskeletal wall. Abdominal viscera include;
    • - major elements of the gastrointestinal system-the caudal end of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder;
    • - the spleen;
    • - components of the urinary system-kidneys and ureters;
    • - the suprarenal glands; and
    • - major neurovascular structures.
    • Functions: House organs for protection and assisting breathing through dia and abdo muscles
  2. Image Upload 4
    • Linea alba
    • Superficial fascia; 2 layers
    • - Camper’s fascia; fatty layer
    • - Scarpa's fascia; membranous layer
    • Median and paramedian areas
    • Rectus abdominis muscle; single muscular layer
    • Parietal peritonium
    • Transversalis fascia; overlying the extraperitoneal fat
    • 3 muscular layers; superficial to deep
    • - External oblique muscle
    • - Internal oblique muscle
    • - Transversus abdominis muscle
  3. What are the components of the abdominal wall?
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    • Skin
    • Subcutaneous tissue
    • - Fatty (Camper's fascia)
    • - Membraneous (Scarpa's fascia
    • Deep fascia
    • External oblique
    • Internal oblique
    • Transverse abdominis
    • Transversalis fascia
    • Extraperitoneal fat
    • Parietal peritoneum
  4. The structures formed by the aponeuroses of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles
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    • Rectus sheath: (pictured is posterior) Is formed by the aponeuroses of external, internal and transverse abdominis muscles;
    • - it contains the rectus abdominis muscle;
    • - Has anterior and posterior walls at its upper ¾ and the anterior wall only at lower 1/4
    • - Is supplied by; Inf + superior Epigastric vessels, and Intercostal nerves.
    • Arcuate line: is the inferior free border of the posterior wall of the rectus sheath.
    • Linea alba: Is formed by the entwined aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles at the midline;
    • - Has few blood and nerve supply.
    • Inguinal ligament: Is the inferior free border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominis muscle,
    • - Is medially continuous with the lacular and pectineal ligaments, and forms the inferior wall of the inguinal canal.
  5. What is the inguinal canal?
    • Is a slit-like passage between the layers of the anterior abdominal wall. Is just above and parallel to the lower half of the inguinal ligament;
    • - Attaches to the; Anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
    • Image Upload 10
    • Has two openings
    • - Superficial ring: aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
    • - Deep ring: transversalis fascia
    • Transmits the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament in women.
  6. Describe the anatomy of the contents of the inguinal ligament
    - for males and females separately
    Image Upload 12
    • Round ligament: extends forward through the inguinal canal for anterior support
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    • Spermatic cord: Consists of structures passing between the abdominopelvic cavities and the testis.
    • Has three coverings;
    • - external spermatic fascia
    • - cremasteric fascia
    • - internal spermatic fascia
    • Three major constituents;
    • - Ductus deferens
    • - Testicular artery and veins (pampiniform plexus)
    • - Remnants of processus vaginalis; a vestige of development/ testicular descent
  7. Why does one feel pain in the gut when kicked in the nuts?
    • Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres reach the testis by traveling with the testicular arteries from the pre-aortic plexus
    • Sensory nerves share the same pathway and have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of T10
    • - hence testicular pain can be referred to the umbilical area = T10 dermatomes
  8. Label this, and outline the areas where hernias can occur
    Image Upload 16
    • Inferior epigastric artery and vein: the epigastric vessels go under the unpictured ureters = water under the bridge
    • Deep ring: with testicular blood vessels and ductus deferens entering
    • - left ascends way high and enters the renal vein, right into the IVC
    • Inguinal ligament
    • Ductus deferens
    • Inguinal triangle
    • External iliac artery and vein
    • Not as important structure;
    • - 1 = Rectus abdominis muscle
    • - 2 = Superficial inguinal ring
    • - 3 = Lacunar ligament
    • #
    • Firstly, is the hernia above or below the inguinal ligament? If above = inguinal, if below = femoral
    • - Inguinal is more common in general, and in men
    • Femoral hernia is when an abdominal organ protrudes through the femoral ring into the femoral canal
    • - femoral is more common in females because wider pelvis = wider femoral canal
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    • An inguinal hernia is when the peritoneal sac (i.e. a piece of gut) enters the inguinal canal either:
    • - indirectly: lateral and through the deep inguinal ring; or
    • - directly: medial and through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.
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  9. Describe the relationship between the abdominal, peritoneal cavities and visceral organs. What features does the peritoneum form?
    • All the abdominal organs are in the abdominal cavity, but
    • The peritoneal cavity DOES NOT contain any organs
    • Peritoneum: is made of a layer of mesothelium overlying loose connective tissue.
    • - It secretes and absorbs fluid. It is important in allowing the spread of disease (infection, cancer).
    • - Peritoneum is divided into the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum.
    • #
    • Peritoneum forms
    • - Mesentery: suspends viscera from body wall and conveys blood vessels, etc.; e.g. transverse mesocolon (mesentery of the transverse
    • colon)
    • - Omentum: peritoneal folds associated with stomach; e.g. greater and lesser omentum
    • - Ligaments: peritoneal folds, e.g. hepatoduodenal ligament, falciform ligament;
    • - Folds: reflection of the peritoeum covering vessels or duct, e.g. median, medial and lateral unbilical folds.
  10. What are the main divisions of the peritoneum. How do these compartments communicate?
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    • Lesser sac / omental bursa: is an extensive sac-like cavity that lies posterior to the stomach, lesser omentum, and adjacent structures. The omental bursa has;
    • - superior recess, limited superiorly by the diaphragm and the posterior layers of the coronary ligament of the liver,
    • - inferior recess between the superior parts of the layers of the greater omentum.
    • The omental bursa communicates with the greater sac through the omental foramen (epiploic foramen), an opening situated posterior to the free edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
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    • #
    • The transverse mesocolon (mesentery of the transverse colon) divides the abdominal cavity into;
    • - supracolic compartment: containing the stomach, liver, and spleen
    • - infracolic compartment: containing the small intestine and ascending and descending colon
    • The infracolic compartment lies posterior to the greater omentum and is divided into right and left infracolic spaces by the mesentery of the small intestine
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    • Free communication occurs between the supracolic and the infracolic compartments through the paracolic gutters, the grooves between the lateral aspect of the ascending or descending colon and the posterolateral abdominal wall.
  11. Name the branches of the abdominal aorta
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    • Inferior phrenic
    • Suprarenal
    • Renal (L and R)
    • Lumbar
    • Median sacral
    • Celiac
    • Superior mesenteric
    • Subcostal
    • Left gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
    • Inferior mesenteric
  12. Branches of the abdominal aorta: Sort them into the 4 planes and give general functions
    Image Upload 30
    • Anterior midline: unpaired visceral vessels for the digestive tract. Branches include;
    • - Celiac T12
    • - Superior mesenteric L1
    • - Inferior mesenteric L3
    • Lateral: Paired visceral arteries for urogenital and endocrine organs
    • - Suprarenal L1
    • - Renal L1
    • - Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) L2
    • Posterolateral: Paired parietal (segmental), to supply the diaphragm; body wall
    • - Subcostal L2
    • - Inferior phrenic T12
    • - Lumbar L1–L4
    • Image Upload 32
  13. Image Upload 34
    • Celiac trunk/artery: give rise to;
    • - Left gastric artery
    • - Splenic artery
    • - (Common) Hepatic artery
    • Hepatic portal vein
    • (Proper) hepatic artery
    • Common bile duct
    • Right margin of the lesser omentum
  14. Image Upload 36
    • Superior mesenteric artery: from abdominal aorta at L1 level. It branches off into;
    • - Jejunal artery
    • - Ileal artery
    • - Ileocolic artery
    • - Right colic artery
    • - Middle colic artery (cut)
  15. Image Upload 38
    • Inferior mesenteric artery
    • Left colic artery
    • Sigmoid arteries
    • Superior rectal artery
    • #
    • Marginal artery: anastomosis between the middle and left colic arteries
  16. Image Upload 40
    • Esophageal artery
    • Azygos vein; where the oesophageal veins drain to
    • Thoracic aorta
    • Oesophageal venous plexus, some of which also drains into the;
    • - Left gastric vein (where the oesophageal branches are indicated in purple)
    • Splenic vein; accompanies splenic artery
    • - inferior mesenteric vein (black arrow) usually joins with splenic vein
    • Superior mesenteric veins; which accompany (and drain) branches of superior mesenteric artery
  17. Image Upload 42
    • Hepatic portal vein runs in lesser omentum to hilum of liver and divides into right and left branches. It is formed by the joining of the;
    • - Splenic vein
    • - Superior mesenteric vein
    • Middle colic vein
    • Right colic vein
    • Ileocolic vein
    • Inferior mesenteric vein; made from the left colic, sigmoid arteries, and superior rectal artery joins.
    • Falciform ligament and Umbillicus/ belly button
    • #
    • The numbers demarcate other areas of portacaval anastomoses. This is why we see systemic signs when we have portal hypertension
    • 1: Esophageal
    • 2: Para-umbilical
    • 3: Rectal
    • 4: Retroperitoneal; heaps of them
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    • Clinical importance: when flow of blood in portal vein is obstructed (e.g. cirrhosis of liver) and provides a route for blood to be carried to the heart
  18. Image Upload 46
    • Hilum; or "Porta hepatis". Structures include the "portal triad"; (enclosed by the lesser omentum)
    • - Hepatic portal vein and artery proper
    • - Common hepatic and bile duct
    • Fissures for ligamentum teres
    • Fissures for ligamentum venosum
    • - These ligaments separate the L and R lobes of the liver on the visceral surface
    • Caudate (anterior) and Quadrate (posterior) lobes: Visible from the visceral surface.
    • Inferior vena cava:* hepatic veins which take blood from the liver drain it to the IVC
    • Round ligament of the liver
    • Coronary ligament; there is an upper and lower layer
    • Attachment of lesser omentum; hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein in its right free margin
  19. What are the borders of the epiploic foramen?
    • Anteriorly the PV (hepatoduodenal lig.)
    • Posteriorly the IVC
    • Superiorly the liver
    • Inferiorly the duodenum
  20. Identify the organ and give its function
    Image Upload 48
    • Gallbladder comprised of the;
    • - Fundus
    • - Body
    • - Infundibulum
    • - Neck of the gallbladder
    • Function: main function is to store and concentrate bile
    • Cystic duct;
    • - Spiral fold; which acts as the valve
    • - Smooth part
    • Left and right hepatic ducts
    • - draining into the common hepatic duct, before the common bile duct
    • - later meeting with the pancreatic duct
    • #sorry for reusing colours#
  21. Image Upload 50
    • Pictured is the " Hepatopancreatic ampulla " formed by joining of;
    • - Common bile duct
    • - Pancreatic duct
    • Duodenum
    • Choledochal sphincter; i.e. Sphincter of (common) bile duct
    • Hepatopancreatic ampulla sphincter
    • Major duodenal papilla; the orifice where the duct contents are discharged into the duodenum
  22. Describe the blood supply of the gallbladder and surrounding structures
    • Cystic artery: normally arising from the right hepatobillary artery supplies the gallbladder
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    • Hepatobillary triangle: formed by cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and inferior surface of the liver
    • Cholecystectomy: is a common operation and is undertaken for patients who get gallbladder pain or other biliary tract symptoms from gallstones
    • - the surgeon must ligate and divide the cystic artery
    • and cystic duct. Variations in the origin and course of the cystic artery and duct are common. Most errors in gallbladder surgery result from failure to appreciate these anatomical variations.
    • - The hepatobiliary triangle serves as a useful reference point for defining the anatomy before ligating any structures.
  23. Label the parts of this organs and give its function
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    • (Common) bile duct
    • Pancreatic duct; may be a sphincter (pancreatic sphincter) around terminal part
    • Accessory pancreatic duct
    • #
    • Function: of the pancreas can be divided into Digestive (exocrine) or systemic (endocrine)
    • Digestive (Exocrine): secretes enzymes that are conveyed via a duct system to 2nd part of duodenum;
    • – via. the main pancreatic duct (enters at major duodenal papilla) or the accessory pancreatic duct (enters at minor duodenal papilla)
    • Systemic (Endocrine): secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon
  24. Annotate this diagram of the gallbladder and bile ducts to state the clinical condition caused by a gallstone impacted in (a) the neck of the gallbladder, (b) the common bile duct and (c) the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
    Image Upload 56
    • Acute cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder causing upper abdominal pain
    • Obstructive jaundice: and abdominal pain
    • Acute pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas from obstruction of the pancreatic duct causing severe abdominal pain (and obstructive jaundice)
  25. Name these vessels
    Image Upload 58
    • Common hepatic artery branches off;
    • - Gastroduodenal artery which gives rise to the Right gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) artery
    • - Superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
    • - Right gastric artery
    • #
    • Esophageal branch of left gastric artery
    • #
    • From the splenic artery;
    • - Short gastric arteries
    • - Left gastro-omental (gastro-epiploic) artery
  26. Image Upload 60
    • Cisterna chyli
    • Thoracic duct
    • #
    • Lymphatic Drainage of GI Tract;
    • Lymphatic follicles lie in mucous membrane of digestive tract from tonsils to anus. From these folicles, lymphatic vessels through muscle wall of gut to;
    • - EPI- group of nodes; that lie directly on the gut
    • - PARA- group of nodes; lie at the margin of gut along the mesenteric border
    • - INTERMEDIATE group of nodes; lying along the arteries supplying the gut
    • - PRE-AORTIC group of nodes; finally the lymph is conveyed to lymph nodes lying in front of the aorta
  27. Basic principle of abdominal viscera innervation;
    • A given organ is innervated by branches of a visceral nerve plexus; The branches follow the artery that supplies the organ;
    • The visceral nerve plexus consists of four main components:
    • – Sympathetic fibers
    • – Parasympathetic fibers
    • – Sympathetic ganglia
    • – Visceral sensory fibers
  28. Describe the visceral efferent fibres for the gut
    • Presynaptic sympathetic fibres: are carried in thoracic splanchnic nerves, lumbar splanchnic nerves, and sacral splanchnic nerves
    • Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres are carried in vagus nerves, which supply as far as proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
    • Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres are carried in pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3, S4) to terminal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
  29. What are the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent supply?
    • Sympathetic supply:
    • - Inhibitory to smooth muscle of gut
    • - Causes contraction of smooth muscle sphincters
    • - Causes contraction of smooth muscle of blood vessels
    • Parasympathetic supply:
    • - Causes contraction of smooth muscle of gut
    • - Enhances secretion from glands
  30. Describe the visceral afferent fibres for the gut (minus the rectum)
    Visceral afferent fibres for abdominal esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon accompany sympathetic fibres to sensory ganglia of lower thoracic spinal nerves and upper two lumbar spinal nerves
  31. Describe the visceral afferent fibres for the rectum
    Visceral afferent fibres for rectum accompany parasympathetic fibres in pelvic splanchnic nerves to sensory ganglia of S2, S3, S4 spinal nerves
  32. Describe the autonomic nerve supply to the non-rectal/proximal gut
    Image Upload 62
    • We have a sympathetic chain/trunk, from which splanchnic nerves branch. Some of these lumbar splanchnic nerves make up;
    • Prevertebral autonomic plexuses ;. i.e. celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric = Presynaptic Sympathetic Fibres
    • – fibres passing downward and medially into pelvis to take part in formation of the superior hypogastric plexus
    • #
    • The presynaptic parasympathetic fibres also originate superiorly.
    • – Fibres from anterior vagal trunk pass to distal part of esophagus, stomach, liver, and celiac plexus
    • – Fibres from the posterior vagal trunk enter the celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses and run with their arteries to the parasympathetic ganglia in the wall of the gut
    • This parasympathetic innervation is only far as the proximal two thirds of transverse colon
  33. Which nerves contribute to the superior mesenteric plexus? What organs does this plexus innervate?
    • The superior mesenteric plexus has:
    • (a) sympathetic nerves from the thoracic splanchnic nerves (some pass via the celiac plexus) and
    • (b) parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerves.
    • The superior mesenteric ganglion (sympathetic) lies among the plexus. The nerve fibres from the superior mesenteric plexus innervate the organs supplied by the superior mesenteric artery
    • - i.e. the midgut.
  34. Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres around the inferior mesenteric artery derived from?
    • The sympathetic fibres: come from lumbar splanchnic nerves which pass from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk (cell bodies in the L1 and L2 spinal segments of the lateral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord) to the plexus of nerves surrounding the abdominal aorta.
    • The parasympathetic fibres: come from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) which enter the inferior hypogastric plexus and ascend in the hypogastric nerves to plexus of nerves around the inferior mesenteric artery.
  35. Describe the autonomic nerve supply to the rectum
    • Parasympathetic supply to Large Intestine
    • The vagal trunks give parasympathetic supply to the gut as far as the proximal two thirds of transverse colon. Parasympathetic supply to terminal part of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum is from the PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES
    • Image Upload 64
    • Presynaptic parapsympathetic fibres: arise from the pelvic splanchnic nerves which arise from the sacral plexus and carry fibres from ventral rami of S2, S3, S4 spinal nerves.
    • - they also run to inferior hypogastric, superior hypogastric and inferior mesenteric plexuses
    • The vagal trunks and pelvic splanchnic nerves are often referred to as the "craniosacral parasympathetic outflow from CNS"
  36. What dermatomes do different parts of the gut refer pain to?
    • Visceral pain from foregut structures (e.g. stomach and proximal duodenum) is generally felt in the epigastrium,
    • from midgut structures (e.g . ileum and appendix) in the umbilical region
    • hindgut structures (e.g. descending colon and rectum) in the suprapubic region
  37. Describe the anatomy of the superior abdominal wall;
    Name the 3 apertures, the level and the contents
    Image Upload 66
    • Diaphragm: forms the superior boundary separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.
    • It consists of two parts, a central tendinous part into which the circumferentially arranged muscle fibers attach.
    • The diaphragm is anchored to the lumbar vertebrae by musculotendinous crura, which blend with the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column;
    • - the right crus is the longest and broadest of the crura and is attached to the bodies of vertebrae LI to LIII, and the intervening intervertebral discs; similarly, the left crus is attached to vertebrae LI and LII and the associated intervertebral disc.
    • #
    • There are 3 arcuate ligaments;
    • - The crura are connected across the midline by a tendinous arch (the mediaN arcuate ligament), which passes anterior to the aorta
    • - MediaL and lateral arcuate ligaments; one on each side
    • #
    • 3 apertures include;
    • - Vena caval foramen: (T8) containing inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
    • - Esophageal hiatus: (T10) containing Oesophagus and vagus nerves
    • - Aortic hiatus: (T12) containing thoracic aorta and thoracic duct
    • Through the L and R crura: Azygos or hemiazygos veins, and Thoracic splanchnic nerves
  38. Name the components of the posterior abdominal wall
    Image Upload 68
    • Bones: lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum, (ribs)
    • Muscles: include
    • Psoas major
    • Psoas minor
    • Quadratus lumborum
    • Iliacus
    • – Diaphragm
  39. What is meant by the "retroperitoneal space"?
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    • Retroperitoneal space: a potential space between transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum; it is the posterior portion of extraperitoneal fat (or fascia)
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    • Transversalis fascia: is continuous with diaphragmatic fascia superiorly, psoas and quadratus fascia posteriorly, and renal fascia medially.
    • - renal fascia: has 2 layers and divides retroperitoneal space into perirenal fat and pararenal fat.
    • Fibrous capsule of the kidneys
  40. Describe how the renal fascia relates to other features
    • Anterior: layer passes over aorta and IVC.
    • Posterior: layer fuses with psoas fascia.
    • Image Upload 74
    • Superiorly: both layers fuse and continue with diaphragmatic fascia.
    • Inferiorly: the anterior layer disappears in extraperitoneal fat, and the posterior layer continues with iliac fascia.
    • Image Upload 76
  41. Image Upload 78
    • Left and right lobes = Diaphragmatic view
    • Attachment of falciform ligament; Separates the two lobes on the diaphragmatic surface
    • - Ligamentum teres; in its lower free margin
    • Coronary ligament: upper layer and lower layer
    • Left triangular ligament
  42. Image Upload 80
    • Hilum; or "Porta hepatis". Structures include;
    • - Hepatic portal vein and artery proper
    • - Common hepatic and bile duct
    • Fissures for ligamentum teres
    • Fissures for ligamentum venosum
    • - These ligaments separate the L and R lobes of the liver on the visceral surface
    • Caudate (Posterior) and Quadrate (anterior) lobes: Visible from the visceral surface.
    • Inferior vena cava:* hepatic veins which take blood from the liver drain it to the IVC
    • Round ligament of the liver
    • Coronary ligament; there is an upper and lower layer
    • Attachment of lesser omentum; hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein in its right free margin
  43. How are the viscera (i.e. organs) arranged retroperitoneally?
    • Three “subregions”:
    • Liver & esophagus
    • Pancreas & duodenum
    • Kidney, suprarenal gland & ureter
  44. Name the important relations of the duodenum
    Image Upload 82
    • D1: anterior to gastroduodenal artery, portal triad and IVC
    • D2: pancreas medially, transverse colon anteriorly, right kidney posteriorly
    • D3: crosses IVC and aorta and crossed by SMA and SMV
    • D4: ascends to lateral border L1/2 with IMV laterally (green dashed line)
  45. Name the important relations of the pancreas
    Image Upload 84
    • Head: anterior to IVC and posteriorly indented by common bile duct
    • Uncinate process: between mesenteric vessels and aorta
    • Neck: anterior to origin of portal vein
    • Body: anterior to splenic vein (splenic artery snakes along upper border)
    • Tail: lies in splenorenal ligament with splenic vessels
  46. Describe the anatomy of the ureter
    • Function: ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters descend retroperitoneally on the medial aspect of the psoas major muscle
    • #
    • Three parts: and blood supply (just take out that it is segmental)
    • - Abdominal; the renal arteries supply the upper end; the middle part may receive branches from the abdominal aorta, the testicular or ovarian arteries, and the common iliac arteries*
    • – Pelvic; in the pelvic cavity, the ureters are supplied by one or more arteries from branches of the internal iliac arteries.
    • – Ureterovesical
    • #
    • At three points along their course the ureters are constricted/narrowings
    • Image Upload 86
    • – Ureteropelvic junction
    • – Crossing iliac artery
    • – Ureterovesical junction
  47. Describe the anatomy of the adrenal glands
    • Also retroperitoneal organ; and enclosed by the renal fascia. Right (pyramid) and left (semilunar and larger) shaped differently
    • Image Upload 88
    • Arterial supply: arises from three primary sources;
    • - superior suprarenal arteries: as the bilateral inferior phrenic arteries pass upward from the abdominal aorta to the diaphragm, they give off multiple branches (superior suprarenal arteries) to the suprarenal glands;
    • - Middle suprarenal artery: a middle branch to the suprarenal glands usually arises directly from the abdominal aorta;
    • - Inferior suprarenal arteries: inferior branches from the renal arteries pass upward to the suprarenal glands.
    • Venous drainage: consists of a single vein leaving the hilum of each gland.
    • - right side, the right suprarenal vein is short and almost immediately enters the inferior vena cava;
    • - left side, the left suprarenal vein passes inferiorly to enter the left renal vein (think direction of blood flow).
    • Image Upload 90
  48. Label this axial abdominal CT scan.
    Image Upload 92
    Image Upload 94
  49. Give the name of the nerves
    Image Upload 96
    • Iliohypogastric nerve (L1): Skin overlying iliac crest, upper inguinal, and hypogastric regions; internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
    • Ilioinguinal nerve (L1): Skin of lower inguinal region, mons pubis, anterior scrotum or labium majus, and adjacent medial thigh; inferiormost internal oblique and transversus abdominis
    • Subcostal nerve: (T12) Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall (including most inferior slip of external oblique) and overlying skin, superior to iliac crest and inferior to umbilicus
    • Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh: it supplies skin on the anterolateral surface of the thigh
    • Genitofemoral nerve: In females, sensory to anterior labia majora;
    • - in males, motor to cremaster muscle, sensory to anterior aspect of scrotum and adjacent thigh
    • - Femoral branch supplies skin over lateral part of femoral triangle;
  50. Which nerves convey pain from the ureter?
    • His pain (ureteric colic) is from obstruction of the ureter by the stone.
    • Sympathetic afferent (sensory) fibres from the ureter enter the spinal cord at T11-L1 spinal level. This visceral pain is referred to skin regions innervated by somatic sensory nerves from these ipsilateral spinal segments (the flank and inguinal region).
    • The correct answer is: Sympathetic fibres
Author
vickrum
ID
304363
Card Set
RCA: Abdomen
Description
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