Path 2 end of midterm

• Angina Pectoris
• Acute MI
• Sudden Cardiac death
• Chronic ischemic heart disease w/ congestive heart failure

• intermittent chest pain caused by a transient, reversible myocardial ischemia
• Diffuse retrosternal pain (left), not localized-> may spread to inner surface of left arm, left neck, or left scapula (burning/squeezing pain)

Pain that develops after exertion, smoking, exposure to cold, or after a large meal

Due to spasms; response to strong emotions; may present as night pain

Pain w/o exertion, normally ends w/ MI aka pre-infarction angina (during sleep)

• aka heart attack
• Indicates development of an area of myocaridal necrosis caused by local ischemia

• Very common, due to coronary artery disease
• In 50% of ischemic heart disease cases, sudden cardiac death is the first manifestation

Lack of oxygen-> myofibrils die-> decrease contractility of heart-> congestive heart failure

Multisystem derangement that occurs when the heart is no longer able to eject blood returning from the venous system

• #1 cause is LV or LA
• #1 outcome is pulmonary edema
• MC causes include: systemic hypertension, mitral or aortic valve disease, ischemic heart disease, primary diseases of myocardium
• Blood builds up in the LA-> increased hydrostatic pressure-> accumulation of blood in lungs-> pulmonary/lung edema

lung macrophages filled w/ heme/hemosiderin from ingested RBC, found in sputum

overall brownish appearance of the lung due to increased blood

• MC causes: left sided HF or left ventricular failure, cor pulmonale leading to pulmonary vessel hypertension, lung emphysema
• 1st problem resulting from right sided HF is hepatomegaly from increased pressure in the RV-> hypertrophy-> RA-> increased pressure-> inferior vena cava-> portal veins

• Increased sympathetic activity
• Hypertrophy (concentric v eccentric)
• Dilation
• Compensated HF- body can deal w/ the changes & there are no symptoms
• Decompensated HF- body cannot deal-> symptoms & death

Enlargement of heart muscle w/o enlargement of chambers (due to increase pressure)

• Hypertrophy of heart muscle w/ increase of heart chamber (mitral stenosis)-> elongation of myofibrils in response to increase fluid in chambers
• Elongation of fibrils leads to increase contractility

• Dyspnea (difficulty breathing): Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• Muscle fatigue
• Enlarged heart
• Tachycardia
• Fine rales in the lungs bases
• High pitched systolic murmur
• Atrial fibrillation
• Distended neck veins
• Hepatomegaly
• Edema (feet, lower legs)
• Accumulation of fluid in the body cavities (R sided HF only)
• Cyanosis

Due to a change in position from standing to lying down; lack of gravity when lying down brings blood flowing back to a heart that is already congested

Lung emphysema- enlargement of lung alveoli & rupture of their walls

heart pathology due to lung pathology

• Replacement of lung tissue by connective tissue
• Blood vessels obliterated or torn
• Pneumoconiosis- dust in lungs- industry workers