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During the boot process, where will a router first look for a valid IOS image?
- A. ROM
- B. RAM
- C. NVRAM
- D. Flash
- E. VLAN.DAT file
A Cisco router will first look for its IOS image in Flash.
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Of Flash, NVRAM, RAM, and ROM, which one(s) lose their content on a reload
Only the contents of RAM are lost on a reload.
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Where can you find the POSTs in a Cisco router?
- A. ROM
- B. Flash
- C. NVRAM
- D. RAM
The Power-On Self-Test programs are in ROM.
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Referring back to Question 5 - what is a POST, anyway, and why do we care?
We care because the POSTs run important tests to determine if there's a critical error in the router before the boot process goes into full swing - and if there is, you get a nasty little message on the screen that the POST has failed and the router shuts down.
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Where does a Cisco router store its startup configuration file?
- A. RAM
- B. ROM
- C. NVRAM
- D. Flash
The startup config file is kept in Non-Volatile RAM. The "non-volatile" refers to the non-loss of its contents on a reload.
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Where is a Cisco router's running configuration kept?
- A. ROM
- B. Flash
- C. RAM
- D. NVRAM
The running config is found in RAM.
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You just ran show interface serial 0 and note that the line protocol is down, but the interface is up. Which of the following could cause that?
- A. DCE not giving clockrate to DTE
- B. DTE not giving clockrate to DCE
- C. Cable is loose
- D. Missing LMI (if running Frame Relay)
- E. One end of the point-to-point connection is administratively shut down
If the DCE is not supplying clockrate and/or the LMI is not being received correctly in a Frame Relay configuration, the line protocol will go down.
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Match the data type to the layer of the OSI model:
OSI model: Data Type (encapsulation)
Application Data- Transport Segment
- Network Packet
- Data Link Frame
- Physical Bit
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Which layer of the Hierachial network model is designed for transfering data as fast as possible?
Hierarchical Layer
Core - Fast Switches media (Fiber, Gigabit).
Distribution - Switches and Routers.
Access - PC's, PDA, Hub, Switches, Printers, or other
network acess devices.
Core / Network
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Which layer of the OSI does the Telnet program map to?
Application Layer
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Which layer of the OSI model do WAN protocols, such as, ATM, PPP, SLIP map to?
Data Link
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Which layer of the DoD model do ARP and ICMP map to?
Which layer of the OSI model do ARP and ICMP map to?
Internet
Network
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Which layer of the OSI put binary data (Bit) onto the wire or media?
Physical
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Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for encapsulating the source and destination IP address on network data?
Application Layer
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Original DoD Model:
- Application
- Transport
- Internet
- Network Acess
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TCP/IP Network Model:
- Application
- Trasnport
- Network / Internet
- Data Link
- Physical
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OSI Model:
- 7-Application
- 6-Presentation
- 5-Session
- 4-Transport
- 3-Network
- 2-Data Link
- 1-Physical
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Application Layer Protocols and Port #:
1-Take data from application
2-Ensure that all necessary resource are available
3-Initialize services and the network for data transmission
DNS (53), FTP (20,21), HTTP (80), POP3 (110), Telnet , SNMP (161), SMTP (25), NNTP (119), NFS, SMP, TFTP (69)
Hardware: Gateway and Proxy Server
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Presentation Layer Protocols:
1-Reformat or translate between different character sets
2-Encypting, decrypting and compressing, decompressing
3-Provides support for error recovery
ASCII, DIC, EBC, GIF, JPEG, PICT and TIFF
Hardware: Gateway
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Session Layer Protocols:
1-Assume a reliable virtual connection
2-Establishing, maintaining, synchronization and terminating connections
3-Port numbers are assigned and maintained
NetBIOS, SAP, RPC, SQL and X-Windows
Hardware: Gateway
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Transport Layer Protocols:
1-Packages data into segment
2-Provide flow control
3-Performs end-to-end transport of data
ATP (Apple Talk Protocol), NBP (Name Binding Protocol), PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol), SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange), TCP and UDP
Hardware: Gateway
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Network Layer Protocols:
1-Break segmented data into packets and sequences them
2-Assign logical addresses to packets
3-Routes packets
ARP, ICMP, IP, IPSec, IPX, NetBIOS, NetBEUI, OSPF and RIP
Hardware: Gateway, Router, Brouter and Layer 3 Switch (Smart Switch)
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Data Link: Layer Protocol
1-Break data packets into frames
2-Manage hardware addresses (MAC)
3-Defines the topology of the network based on the IEEE 802.x standards
4-Provide error and flow control
802.1Q, 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11a/b/g/n (Wireless), ATM, Frame Relay, L2TP, PPP, PPTP, SLIP and Token Ring
Hardware: Gateway, Switch, Bridge, WAP, NIC
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Physical Layer Protocols:
N/A
Hardware: Gateway, Repeater, Hub, NIC, Cables
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