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Changes with Aging
- changes are:
- - intrinsic which comes from within
- - extrinsic-which comes from environmental factors (ie exposure to smoke and pollutants
- triggers of aging are influenced by genetics or by injury or abuse to body
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Types of Aging
- Chronological aging is defined by years
- biological aging is predicted by a person's physical condition
- Psychological aging is expressed thru ability, control of memory, learning capacity, skills, emotions and judgment
- Social age- measured by age grated behaviors, could be 80 but act 60 related to social behaviors
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Aging theories
- Biological theories: physiologic and anatomic changes occurring with age
- Social theories: explain roles and relationship in middle and late life
- Pyschological theories: explain the thought processes and behaviors of aging persons
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Modern Biological theories of aging
2 main categories
- Programmed theories: implied that aging follows a biological timeline
- Damage or error theories: emphasized environmental assaults to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging
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Biological Theories
Programmed theory 3 subcategories
- Programmed theory longevity: aging is the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes
- Endocrine theory: biological clock acts thru hormones to control the pace of aging
- Immunological theory: the immune system is programmed to decline over time, which leads to incre infection disease thus leading to death and aging
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Biological theories
Error (stochastic) theories
- wear and tear theory (1882): cells and tissues errors result in vital parts that wear out resulting in aging
- Rate of living theory: the greater an organism's rate of oxygen basal metabolism, the shorter its lifespan
- cross-linking theory (1942): an accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues slowing down bodily process resulting in aging
- free radical theory (1954): proposes that superoxide and other free radicals causes damage to the macromolecular components of the cell causing damage and eventually loss of function to organs
- somatic DNA damage theory- DNA damages occur continously in cells of living organisms
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Sociological Theories of aging ***
- The following sociological theories explain and predict changes in the roles and relationships of older adults with an emphasis on adjustments:
- - disengagement theory
- - activity theory
- - continuity theory
- balance of wellness and health
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Disengagement theory
- aging causes a voluntary slow down (ie retirement)
- aging results in a decre in interaction between the aging adult and everyone else
- withdrawl is natural, accepted and mutually beneficial to society and individual
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Activity theory
- a positive correlation between keeping active and aging well
- mutual social withdrawal runs counter to traditional american ideals of activity, energy, and industry
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Continuity theory
- life satisfaction with engagement or disengagement depends on personality trait
- in normal aging, personality traits remain stble
- personality influences role activity and the individual's interest in a role
- personality influences life statisfaction
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Implications for Gerontological nursing and healthy aging
- sociological theories:
- - provides the gero nurse with useful information and a background for enhancing healthy aging and adaption
- - have been adapted and applied to comtemporary approaches to aging in many ways
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Psychological theories
- aging a development process experienced between birth and death
- they include:
- Jung's theory personality
- Developmental theories
- theory of gerotranscendance
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Jung's theory of personality
- defines the last half of your life as having a purpose of its own allowing for inner growth, self-awareness, and reflection
- personality is directed either towards the external world (extrovert) or the internal world (introvert)
- midlife presents questions of one's own dreams, values, and priorities
- reflect where you want to be
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developmental theories
- Erikson's developmental stages
- - ego integrity or despair
- Havighurst developmental tasks
- - middle age
- - later maturity
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Havighurst Developmental task
- an activity or event that arises at a certain period in the life of an individual
- successful achievement leads to happiness, growth, and success with later tasks
- failure leads to unhappiness, disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks
- self reflection: my goals, did we do what we wanted to do, productive life
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potential nursing assessment and education sociological theories
- current level of activity and satisfaction with such (activity)
- effect of changes in health on usual roles and activities (activity)
- cultural beliefs and expectations related to roles , activity and both engagement and disengagement related to these (activity, disengagement)
- usual life patterns and personality and attention to any change in these as an indication of a potential problem (continuity)- issues with management
- knowledge of historial context of client and the potential influence on perception and responses (age- stratification)
- active v non active
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What is the relevance of the biologicall and psychological theories of aging to nursing
- provides useful information and a background for enhancing healthy aging and adaption
- nurse needs to have a much knowledge as possible in order to develop best practice plans of care
- knowledge from biological aging theories assist in performing more comprehensive and focused assessments
- basis for assessment tools
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Developmental theories
- erikson's heirarchy presents developmental stages and tasks
- erickson's last stage of life is to look back and reflect- ego integrity or dispair
- Peck expanded on Erikson with identification of specific tasks of old age to establish "ego integrity"
- Havighurst also proposed specific tasks to be accomplished in middle age and later maturity
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Think about Erikson's stages of development?
- what stage is your client in?
- what stage is their caregiver in?
- Generativity v stagnation
- ego integrity v despair
- remember the family bc they need resources too
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Havighurst Developmental theories
- Middle age: assist children to become responsible adults, achieve social and civic responsiblity, maintaining satisfaction in life, occupation, career, adjusting to aging parents
- Later maturity: adjusting to decrease strength, and heal, facing retirement living on a fixed income, explicit affilation with age group, establishing satisfactory living arrangments
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